Zvinoenderana netafura, ma surfactants akakodzera kushandiswa semafuta-mu-mvura emulsifiers ane HLB kukosha kwe3.5 kusvika 6, nepo iwo emvura-mu-oiri emulsifiers anowira pakati pe8 kusvika 18.

② Kutsunga kweHLB Values ​​(yakasiiwa).

07 Emulsification uye Solubilization

An emulsion igadziriro inoumbwa apo imwe mvura isingakanganisi inoparadzirwa mune imwe nenzira yezvikamu zvakanaka (madonhwe kana makristasi emvura). Iyo emulsifier, inova mhando yesurfactant, yakakosha pakudzikamisa iyi thermodynamically isina kugadzikana sisitimu nekudzikisira iyo interfacial simba. Chikamu chiripo muchimiro chekudonhedza mu emulsion chinonzi chikamu chakapararira (kana chikamu chemukati), nepo chikamu chekugadzira chinoramba chichidanwa chinonzi dispersion medium (kana chikamu chekunze).

① Emulsifiers uye Emulsions

Maemulsion akajairika anowanzo kuve nechikamu chimwe semvura kana aqueous solution, uye imwe sechinhu cheorganic, semafuta kana wax. Zvichienderana nekupararira kwavo, emulsions inogona kuiswa semvura-mu-mafuta (W / O) apo mafuta anoparadzirwa mumvura, kana mafuta-mu-mvura (O / W) apo mvura inoparadzirwa mumafuta. Uyezve, emulsions yakaoma seW/O/W kana O/W/O inogona kuvapo. Emulsifiers inodzikamisa emulsions nekudzikisa kushushikana kwemukati uye kugadzira monomolecular membranes. Emulsifier inofanirwa kushambadza kana kuunganidza pane iyo interface kuti ideredze kusawirirana kwechiso uye kupa machaji kumadonhwe, kugadzira electrostatic repulsion, kana kuumba yakakwirira-viscosity inodzivirira firimu yakatenderedza zvimedu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa se emulsifiers zvinofanirwa kuve neamphiphilic mapoka, ayo anogona kupa surfactants.

② Nzira dzeEmulsion Kugadzirira uye Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kugadzikana

Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekugadzira emulsion: nzira dzemuchina dzinoparadzira zvinwiwa muzvikamu zvidiki mune imwe mvura, nepo nzira yechipiri inosanganisira kunyungudutsa zvinwiwa muchimiro chemolecular mune imwe uye kuita kuti zviunganidzwe zvakakodzera. Kugadzikana kwe emulsion kunoreva kugona kwayo kupikisa particle aggregation inotungamira mukuparadzaniswa kwechikamu. Emulsions ndiyo thermodynamically isina kugadzikana masisitimu ane yakakwirira yemahara simba, nokudaro kugadzikana kwavo kunoratidza nguva inodiwa kusvika pakuenzana, kureva, nguva inotora kuti mvura iparadzane kubva kune emulsion. Kana madoro ane mafuta, fatty acids, uye fatty amines aripo muinterfacial film, simba re membrane rinowedzera zvakanyanya nekuti polar organic molecules inoumba macomplexes muadsorbed layer, inosimbisa iyo interfacial membrane.

Emulsifiers inoumbwa nevaviri kana kupfuura surfactants inonzi yakasanganiswa emulsifiers. Mixed emulsifiers adsorb pamvura-oiri interface, uye kupindirana kwema molecular kunogona kuumba macomplexes anodzikisira zvakanyanya kushushikana kwechiso, kuwedzera huwandu hweadsorbate uye kugadzira denser, yakasimba interface membranes.

Madonhwe anochajiswa nemagetsi anonyanya kukanganisa kugadzikana kwema emulsion. Mune emulsions yakagadzikana, madonhwe anowanzo takura magetsi. Kana ionic emulsifiers inoshandiswa, iyo hydrophobic kuguma kweiyo ionic surfactants inosanganiswa muchikamu chemafuta, nepo hydrophilic yekupedzisira inoramba iri muchikamu chemvura, ichipa mubhadharo kumadonhwe. Kufanana nemachaji pakati pemadonhwe anokonzera kudzorwa uye kudzivirira kubatana, izvo zvinowedzera kugadzikana. Nekudaro, iyo yakakura kuwanda kweiyo emulsifier ions yakashambadzirwa pamadonhwe, iyo yakakura kubhadharisa kwavo uye inokwirisa kugadzikana kweiyo emulsion.

Iyo viscosity yekupararira kwepakati inokanganisawo emulsion kugadzikana. Kazhinji, epamusoro viscosity masvikiro anovandudza kugadzikana nekuti akasimba anotadzisa maBrownian kufamba kwemadonhwe, zvichideredza mukana wekudhumhana. High-molecular-uremu zvinhu zvinonyunguduka mu emulsion zvinogona kuwedzera pakati viscosity uye kugadzikana. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakwirira-mamorekuru-huremu zvinhu zvinogona kuumba yakasimba interfacial membranes, zvichiwedzera kudzikamisa emulsion. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzera hupfu hwakasimba kunogona kudzikamisa emulsions. Kana zvimedu zvakasimba zvakanyoroveswa nemvura uye zvichikwanisa kunyoroveswa nemafuta, zvinozochengetwa pamvura-mafuta interface. Solid poda inodzikamisa emulsion nekusimudzira iyo firimu painoungana painterface, senge adsorbed surfactants.

Masurfactants anogona kusimudzira zvakanyanya kunyungudika kweorganic komisheni isinganyunguriki kana kunyungudika zvishoma mumvura mushure mekunge micelles yaumba mumhinduro. Panguva ino, mhinduro inoita seyakajeka, uye kugona uku kunonzi solubilization. Masurfactants anogona kukurudzira solubilization anonzi solubilizers, nepo organic compounds ari solubilized anonzi solubilates.

08 Furo

Furo rinoita basa rakakosha pakugeza. Foam inoreva nzira yekuparadzira gasi yakaparadzirwa mumvura kana yakasimba, ine gasi sechikamu chakaparadzirwa uye mvura kana yakasimba senzira yekuparadzira, inozivikanwa sefuro remvura kana furo rakasimba, semapurasitiki anopupuma, girazi refoam, uye foam kongiri.

(1) Kugadzirwa Kwefuro

Izwi rokuti furo rinoreva muunganidzwa wemafuro emhepo akapatsanurwa nemafirimu emvura. Nekuda kwehukuru hukuru mutsauko pakati pegasi (yakapararira chikamu) uye mvura (kuparadzira svikiro), uye yakaderera viscosity yemvura, gasi mabhubhu anokurumidza kusimuka pamusoro. Kuumbwa kwefuro kunosanganisira kuisa huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi mumvura; mabubbles anobva akurumidza kudzoka kumusoro, achigadzira aggregate yemabhuru emhepo akaparadzaniswa nefirimu shoma remvura. Furo rine hunhu huviri hwakasiyana hwe morphological: chekutanga, mabubble egasi anowanzo tora chimiro chepolyhedral nekuti firimu remvura rakatetepa pamharadzano yemabhuru rinoita kutetepa, rinozopedzisira raputika. Chechipiri, zvinwiwa zvakachena hazvigoni kuumba furo rakagadzikana; panofanira kunge paine zvikamu zviviri zvekuumba furo. A surfactant solution ndeye yakajairwa foam-forming system iyo yekupupa kwayo kwakabatana kune zvimwe zvivakwa zvayo. Masurfactants ane hunyanzvi hwekupupa furo anodaidzwa kuti foaming agents. Kunyangwe vamiririri vanopupa vachiratidzira zvakanaka kupupa furo, furo ravanogadzira rinogona kusagara kwenguva refu, zvichireva kuti kugadzikana kwavo hakuna kuvimbiswa. Kuvandudza kugadzikana kwefuro, zvinhu zvinowedzera kugadzikana zvinogona kuwedzerwa; aya anonzi mastabilizer, ane akajairika stabilizers anosanganisira lauryl diethanolamine uye maokisijeni edodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Furo Kugadzikana

Foam is thermodynamically unstable system; kufambira mberi kwayo kwechisikigo kunotungamirira kukuputika, nokudaro kuderedza iyo yose yemvura yepamusoro nzvimbo uye kuderedza simba rekusununguka. Kubvisa furo kunosanganisira kutetepa zvishoma nezvishoma kwefirimu remvura rinopatsanura gasi kusvika raputika. Iyo dhigirii yekugadzikana kwefuro inonyanya kukanganiswa nehuwandu hwemvura yemvura uye kusimba kweiyo firimu remvura. Zvinokonzera zvinosanganisira:

① Surface Tension: Kubva pakuona kwakasimba, kudzikama kwepasi kunofarira kuumbwa kwefuro asi hazvivimbise kugadzikana kwefuro. Kudzikira kwepasi tension kunoratidza diki dzvinyiriro inosiyaniswa, inotungamira kune inononoka kuyerera kwemvura uye kukora kweiyo firimu remvura, zvese zvinotsigira kugadzikana.

② Surface Viscosity: Chinhu chakakosha mukugadzikana kwefuro isimba reiyo firimu remvura, rinonyanya kutsanangurwa nekusimba kweiyo yepamusoro adsorption firimu, inoyerwa nepamusoro viscosity. Mhedzisiro dzekuyedza dzinoratidza kuti mhinduro dzine yakakwira yepamusoro viscosity dzinoburitsa furo rinogara kwenguva refu nekuda kwekuwedzerwa kupindirana kwema molecular mu adsorbed firimu iro rinowedzera zvakanyanya simba re membrane.

③ Solution Viscosity: Yepamusoro viscosity mumvura pachayo inononotsa kuyerera kwemvura kubva mu membrane, nekudaro ichirebesa hupenyu hwefirimu remvura risati raputika, rinowedzera kugadzikana kwefuro.

④ Surface Tension "Gadzirisa" Chiito: Masurfactants adsorbed kune membrane anogona kurwisa kuwedzera kana kuputika kweiyo firimu pamusoro; uku kunonzi kugadzirisa chiito. Kana ma surfactants adsorb kune firimu remvura uye achiwedzera nzvimbo yaro, izvi zvinoderedza surfactant concentration pamusoro uye zvinowedzera kushushikana kwepasi; ukuwo, kukonana kunotungamira kune yakawedzera kuwanda kwe surfactant pamusoro uye zvozoderedza kushushikana kwepasi.

⑤ Gasi Diffusion Kuburikidza NeLiquid Firimu: Nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwecapillary, mabhuru madiki anowanzo kuve nepamusoro mukati memukati kana achienzaniswa nemabhuru akakura, zvichitungamira mukupararira kwegasi kubva kudiki diki kusvika kune akakura, zvichiita kuti mabhuru madiki adzike uye akakura kukura, zvichizoguma nekudonha kwefuro. Iko kushandiswa kwakafanana kwema surfactants kunogadzira yunifomu, yakagovaniswa mabhubhu uye inodzivirira kuburitsa furo. Nema surfactants akanyatso kurongedzerwa pairi firimu remvura, kupararira kwegasi kunodzivirirwa, nekudaro kunowedzera kugadzikana kwefuro.

⑥ Mhedzisiro yeSurface Charge: Kana iyo furo liquid firimu ikatakura muripo wakafanana, nzvimbo mbiri idzi dzinodzoserana, kudzivirira firimu kubva kutetepa kana kutyoka. Ionic surfactants inogona kupa iyi inodzikamisa maitiro. Muchidimbu, kusimba kwefirimu remvura ndicho chinhu chakakosha chinotaridza kugadzikana kwefuro. Masurfactants anoshanda seanopupa furo uye anodzikamisa anofanirwa kugadzira akanyatso kurongedzerwa pamusoro pemamorekuru, sezvo izvi zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kupindirana kwemamorekuru, zvichiwedzera kusimba kweiyo firimu repamusoro uye nekudaro kudzivirira mvura kuti isayerere ichibva kune yakavakidzana firimu, zvichiita kuti furo rigadzikane riwanikwe.

(3) Kuparadzwa kweFoam

Nheyo yakakosha yekuparadza furo inosanganisira kushandura mamiriro anoburitsa furo kana kubvisa zvinhu zvinogadzika zvefuro, zvichitungamira kune nzira dzemuviri nemakemikari ekubvisa foam. Physical defoaming inochengetedza kemikari yemhinduro ine furo uku ichichinja mamiriro akaita sekuvhiringika kwekunze, tembiricha, kana kudzvanywa shanduko, pamwe nekurapa kwe ultrasonic, nzira dzese dzinoshanda dzekubvisa furo. Kemikari defoaming inoreva kuwedzera kwezvimwe zvinhu zvinodyidzana neanopupa kuti kuderedze kusimba kwefirimu remvura mukati mefuro, kuderedza kugadzikana kwefuro uye kuburitsa furo. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinonzi defoamers, mazhinji acho ari ma surfactants. MaDefoamers anowanzo kuve neanocherekedza kugona kuderedza kushushikana kwepasi uye anogona nyore kushambadza kune pamusoro, nekudyidzana kushoma pakati pemamorekuru, nekudaro kugadzira yakarongeka yakarongeka yemamorekuru. Defoamer marudzi akasiyana-siyana, asi anowanzo ari nonionic surfactants, ane branched alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphates, uye silicone mafuta anowanzoshandiswa seakanaka defoamers.

(4) Furo uye Kuchenesa

Huwandu hwefuro hahuenderani zvakananga nekubudirira kwekuchenesa; furo rakawanda hazvirevi kuchenesa zviri nani. Semuenzaniso, ma nonionic surfactants anogona kuburitsa furo shoma pane sipo, asi anogona kunge aine hunyanzvi hwekuchenesa. Zvisinei, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, furo rinogona kubatsira kubvisa tsvina; semuenzaniso, furo rinobva mukusuka ndiro rinobatsira mukutakura girisi, ukuwo kuchenesa makapeti kunobvumira furo kubvisa tsvina netsvina yakasimba. Uyezve, furo rinogona kuratidza kushanda kwe detergent; mafuta akawandisa anowanzo kutadzisa kuumbwa kwebubble, zvichikonzera kushaikwa kwefuro kana kuderedza furo riripo, zvichiratidza kushanda kwakaderera kwe detergent. Pamusoro pezvo, furo rinogona kushanda sechiratidzo chehutsanana hwekugezesa, sezvo furo mazinga mumvura yekugezesa anowanzo kuderera nekudzika kwe detergent.

09 Washing Process

Mukutaura, kuwacha inzira yekubvisa zvinhu zvisingadiwe kubva muchinhu chiri kucheneswa kuti chiite chimwe chinangwa. Mumazwi akajairika, kuwacha kunoreva kubviswa kwetsvina pamusoro pemutakuri. Panguva yekugeza, mamwe makemikari zvinhu (sezvinosvibisa) anoita kuderedza kana kubvisa kupindirana pakati petsvina nemutakuri, kushandura chisungo pakati petsvina nemutakuri kuita chisungo pakati petsvina uye detergent, zvichibvumira kuparadzana kwavo. Tichifunga kuti zvinhu zvinocheneswa uye tsvina inoda kubviswa inogona kusiyana zvakanyanya, kugeza inzira yakaoma, inogona kurerutswa muhukama hunotevera:

Mutakuri • Tsvina + Detergent = Mutakuri + Tsvina • Detergent. Nzira yekuwacha inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri:

1. Tsvina inoparadzaniswa kubva kune mutakuri pasi pechiito che detergent;

2. Tsvina yakaparadzaniswa inoparadzirwa uye inorembera mukati. Washing process inodzorereka, zvichireva kuti tsvina yakaparadzirwa kana yakaturikwa inogona kugadzika pachinhu chacheneswa. Nekudaro, ma detergent anobudirira haangodi kugona kubvisa tsvina kubva kune anotakura asi zvakare kuparadzira nekumisa tsvina, kuidzivirira kubva pakugadzirisa zvakare.

(1) Mhando Dzetsvina

Kunyangwe chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kuunganidza marudzi akasiyana, maumbirwo, uye huwandu hwetsvina zvichienderana nemashandisirwo acho. Tsvina ine mafuta inonyanya kuve nemafuta akasiyana siyana emhuka nezvirimwa nemafuta emamineral (semafuta asina kukora, mafuta emafuta, tara yemarasha, nezvimwewo); tsvina yakasimba inosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se soot, guruva, ngura, uye carbon black. Nezve tsvina yezvipfeko, inogona kubva mukuvanzika kwevanhu sedikita, sebum, uye ropa; mavara ane chekuita nekudya semichero kana mafuta mavara uye zvinonhuwira; zvisaririra kubva muzvizoro senge lipstick uye chipikiri polish; zvinosvibisa zviri mumhepo zvakaita seutsi, huruva, uye ivhu; uye mamwe mavara akaita seinki, tii, uye pendi. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvetsvina zvinogona kazhinji kuiswa mumhando dzakasimba, dzemvura, uye dzakakosha.

① Tsvina Yakasimba: Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira soot, madhaka, uye guruva zvidimbu, mazhinji acho anowanzo kuve ane machaji-anowanzo kupomerwa zvisina kunaka-anonamatira nyore kune fiber zvinhu. Tsvina yakasimba hainyanyi kunyungudika mumvura asi inogona kuparadzirwa uye kuturikwa mune zvekugezesa. Zvimedu zvidiki pane 0.1μm zvinogona kunyanya kunetsa kubvisa.

② Liquid Dirt: Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvine mafuta zvinonyungudika neoiri, zvinosanganisira mafuta emhuka, mafuta acids, mafuta anodhaka, mamineral oiri, uye maokisi awo. Nepo mafuta emhuka nemiriwo nemafuta acids anogona kuita nealkalis kuita sipo, mafuta anodhaka nemafuta emamineral haapinde saponification asi anogona kunyungudika nedoro, ethers, uye organic hydrocarbons, uye anogona kuve emulsified uye kuparadzirwa ne detergent mhinduro. Liquid tsvina ine mafuta inowanzo kunamatira zvakasimba kune fibrous zvinhu nekuda kwekubatana kwakasimba.

③ Kusviba Kwakakosha: Chikamu ichi chine mapuroteni, starch, ropa, uye zvakavanzika zvevanhu sedikita uye weti, pamwe nemichero netii muto. Zvinhu izvi zvinowanzosunga zvakasimba kumafibhi kuburikidza nekubatana kwemakemikari, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kugeza. Mhando dzakasiyana dzetsvina hadziwanzo kuvepo dzakazvimiririra, asi dzinosanganiswa pamwe chete uye dzinonamatira pamwe chete kunzvimbo. Kazhinji, pasi pemaitiro ekunze, tsvina inogona kuoxidize, kuora, kana kuora, ichigadzira maitiro matsva etsvina.

(2) Kunamatira Kwetsvina

Tsvina inonamatira pazvinhu zvakaita sembatya neganda nekuda kwekumwe kudyidzana pakati pechinhu netsvina. Simba rekunamira pakati petsvina nechinhu rinogona kubva kune yemuviri kana makemikari adhesion.

① Physical Adhesion: Kunamira kwetsvina senge soot, guruva, uye madhaka kunosanganisira kushomeka kwemuviri. Kazhinji, marudzi aya etsvina anogona kubviswa zviri nyore nekuda kwekusasimba kwavo kunamatira, izvo zvinonyanya kusimuka kubva kumakanika kana emagetsi masimba.

A: Mechanical Adhesion**: Izvi zvinowanzoreva tsvina yakasimba seguruva kana jecha rinonamatira kuburikidza nemichina, iri nyore kubvisa, kunyangwe zvidiki zviri pasi pe 0.1μm zvakaoma kuchenesa.

B: Electrostatic Adhesion**: Izvi zvinosanganisira tsvina yakachajiswa zvimedu zvinodyidzana nezvinhu zvakapesana; kazhinji, zvinhu zvefibrous zvinotakura machaji asina kunaka, zvichivabvumira kukwezva vatsigiri vanochajiswa semamwe munyu. Zvimwe zvimedu zvinochajiswa zvisina kunaka zvichiri kugona kuungana pane aya mafiber kuburikidza neayoni mabhiriji akaumbwa neakanaka ayoni mumhinduro.

② Chemical Adhesion: Izvi zvinoreva tsvina inonamatira kune chinhu kuburikidza nemakemikari bond. Semuyenzaniso, polar yakasimba tsvina kana zvinhu zvakaita se ngura zvinonamira zvakasimba nekuda kwekemikari zvisungo zvinoumbwa nemapoka anoshanda senge carboxyl, hydroxyl, kana mapoka emaamine aripo mune fibrous zvinhu. Izvi zvisungo zvinogadzira kuwirirana kwakasimba, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kubvisa tsvina yakadaro; kurapwa kwakakosha kungave kuri madikanwa kuchenesa zvinobudirira. Iyo dhigirii yekunamatira tsvina inotsamira pane zvese zvimiro zvetsvina pachayo uye iyo yepamusoro iyo inonamatira.

(3) Nzira dzekubvisa tsvina

Chinangwa chekugeza ndechekubvisa tsvina. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri nemakemikari zviito zve detergents kunetesa kana kubvisa kunamatira pakati petsvina uye zvinhu zvakagezwa, zvichibatsirwa nemasimba emagetsi (sekukwesha kwebhuku, kugezesa muchina wekugeza, kana kukanganisa kwemvura), zvinozotungamira mukuparadzaniswa kwetsvina.

① Mechanism yeLiquid Dirt Kubvisa

A: Kunyorova: Tsvina yakawanda yemvura ine mafuta uye inonamira kunyorovesa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine fibrous, zvichigadzira firimu rine mafuta pamusoro pazvo. Danho rekutanga pakuwacha kuita kwe detergent kunokonzera kunyorova kwepamusoro.
B: Rollup Mechanism Yekubvisa Oiri: Nhanho yechipiri yekubvisa tsvina yemvura inoitika kuburikidza nekugadzirisa. Tsvina yemvura inopararira sefirimu pamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma ichikunguruka kuita madonhwe nekuda kwekunyorova kwemvura yekuwachisa yenzvimbo ine fibrous, inozopedzisira yatsiviwa neyekugeza.

② Mechanism Yekubvisa Tsvina Yakasimba

Kusiyana netsvina yemvura, kubviswa kwetsvina yakasimba kunoenderana nekugona kwemvura yekuwachisa kunyorovesa zvese zvimedu zvetsvina uye pamusoro pechinhu chinotakura. The adsorption of surfactants panzvimbo yetsvina yakasimba uye mutakuri anoderedza kudyidzana kwavo masimba, nekudaro achidzikisa simba rekunamatira rezvimedu zvetsvina, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvisa. Uyezve, ma surfactants, kunyanya ionic surfactants, anogona kuwedzera simba remagetsi retsvina yakasimba uye pamusoro pezvinhu, zvichifambisa kubviswa.

Nonionic surfactants inowanzo kushambadza pane yakajairwa yakasimba nzvimbo uye inogona kuumba yakakosha adsorbed layer, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kwetsvina. Cationic surfactants, zvisinei, inogona kuderedza simba remagetsi retsvina uye inotakura nzvimbo, iyo inotungamira mukudzikira kudzorwa uye kukanganisa kubviswa kwetsvina.

③ Kubviswa Kwetsvina Yakakosha

Mishonga yemhando yekuchenesa inogona kunetseka nematanho akasindimara kubva kumapuroteni, starch, ropa, uye kuvanzika kwemuviri. MaEnzymes akaita seprotease anogona kunyatsobvisa maprotein stains nekupwanya mapuroteni kuita soluble amino acids kana peptides. Saizvozvo, starches inogona kuderedzwa kune shuga neamylase. Lipases inogona kubatsira kuora triacylglycerol tsvina iyo inowanzonetsa kubvisa kuburikidza nenzira dzakajairwa. Mavara emuchero wemichero, tii, kana ingi dzimwe nguva anoda maoxidizing agents kana reductants, ayo anopindirana nemapoka anogadzira ruvara kuti azvidzikise kuita zvidimbu zvinonyungudika nemvura.

(4) Mechanism yeDry Cleaning

Zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvine chekuita nekugeza nemvura. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwemachira, zvimwe zvinhu zvingasapindura zvakanaka pakushambidzwa kwemvura, zvichiita kuti pave ne deformation, kupera kwemavara, nezvimwewo. Mafiibhi akawanda echisikigo anowedzera kana anyorova uye anoderera nyore nyore, zvichiita kuti kushanduka kwemaitiro kusingadiwi. Nekudaro, kuchenesa kwakaoma, kazhinji kushandisa organic solvents, kunowanzo kufarirwa machira aya.

Dry cleaning ikati nyoro kana ichienzaniswa nekuwacha nyoro, nekuti inoderedza kuita kwemakanika kunogona kukanganisa zvipfeko. Kubvisa tsvina kunoshanda mukucheneswa kwakaoma, tsvina inoiswa mumhando nhatu huru:

① Oiri-inonyungudika Tsvina: Izvi zvinosanganisira maoiri nemafuta, ayo anonyungudika zviri nyore mukuoma kwekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa.

② Mvura-inonyungudika Tsvina: Rudzi urwu runogona kunyungudika mumvura asi kwete mumvura yakaoma yekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa, zvinosanganisira inorganic munyu, starch, uye mapuroteni, anogona kupenya kana mvura yaputika.

③ Tsvina isiri Mafuta- kana Mvura-inonyungudika: Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita sekabhoni dema uye simbi silicates isinganyungudika mune chero svikiro.

Mhando imwe neimwe yetsvina inoda nzira dzakasiyana dzekubvisa zvinobudirira panguva yakaoma yekuchenesa. Tsvina inonyungudika oiri inobviswa nenzira kwayo pachishandiswa organic solvents nekuda kwekunyatsonyungudika kwayo munonpolar solvents. Kune tsvina-inonyungudika nemvura, mvura yakakwana inofanira kunge iripo mune yakaoma yekuchenesa mumiriri sezvo mvura yakakosha pakubvisa tsvina inoshanda. Nehurombo, sezvo mvura iine kushomeka kunyungudika mumidziyo yakaoma yekuchenesa, ma surfactants anowanzowedzerwa kubatsira kubatanidza mvura.

Masurfactants anovandudza kugona kwemumiririri wekuchenesa pamvura uye kubatsira mukuona kunyungudika kwetsvina inonyungudika mumvura mukati memicelles. Pamusoro pezvo, ma surfactants anogona kuvharisa tsvina kubva pakugadzira madhipoziti matsva mushure mekugeza, kuwedzera kushanda kwekuchenesa. Kuwedzerwa kuduku kwemvura kunokosha pakubvisa tsvina iyi, asi kuwandisa kwemari kunogona kutungamirira mukukanganiswa kwejira, nokudaro zvinoda mvura yakadzikama mukugadzirisa kwakaoma kwekuchenesa.

(5) Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kuita Kugeza

Iyo adsorption yemasurfactants pane mainterfaces uye inokonzeresa kudzikiswa kwekunetsana kwemeso kwakakosha pakubvisa tsvina yemvura kana yakasimba. Nekudaro, kuwacha kwakaomesesa, zvichikonzerwa nezvakawanda zvinhu mukati memhando dzakafanana dze detergent. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira detergent concentration, tembiricha, tsvina zvivakwa, fiber mhando, uye machira magadzirirwo.

① Concentration of Surfactants: Micelles inoumbwa nevano surfactants inoita basa rakakosha mukuwacha. Kushanda kwekuwacha kunowedzera zvakanyanya kana iko kusungirirwa kwapfuura yakakosha micelle concentration (CMC), saka madhiriji anofanirwa kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakakwirira kupfuura CMC pakugeza kunoshanda. Nekudaro, ma detergent akatarisana pamusoro peCMC anoburitsa kudzoka kuri kudzikira, zvichiita kuti kuwedzeredza kusakosha.

② Mhedzisiro yeTembiricha: Tembiricha ine simba rakakura pakuchenesa kushanda. Kazhinji, kutonhora kwepamusoro kunobatsira kubvisa tsvina; zvisinei, kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa. Kusimudza tembiricha kunobatsira kupararira kwetsvina uye kunogona kukonzera tsvina ine mafuta kuti iite emulsify zviri nyore. Asi, mumachira akarukwa zvakasimba, tembiricha yakawedzera ichiita kuti faibha dzikwire zvinogona kuderedza nekusaziva basa rekubvisa.

Kuchinja kwetembiricha kunokanganisawo surfactant solubility, CMC, uye micelle kuverenga, zvichikonzera kuchenesa. Kune akawanda marefu-cheni surfactants, yakaderera tembiricha kuderedza solubility, dzimwe nguva pazasi yavo CMC; saka, kudziya kwakakodzera kungave kuri madikanwa kuitira basa rakakwana. Kukanganisa kwetembiricha paCMC uye micelles kunosiyana kune ionic maringe nenonionic surfactants: kuwedzera tembiricha kunowanzo simudza CMC yeionic surfactants, nekudaro zvinoda kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa.

③ Foam: Pane imwe pfungwa isiriyo inobatanidza kugona kupupa furo nekushanda kwekugeza- furo rakawanda harienzane nekuwacha kwepamusoro. Empirical humbowo hunoratidza kuti ma detergent ane furo akaderera anogona kushanda zvakaenzana. Nekudaro, furo rinogona kubatsira kubvisa tsvina mune mamwe maapplication, senge mukusuka ndiro, uko furo rinobatsira kubvisa girisi kana mukuchenesa kapeti, kwarinosimudza tsvina. Uyezve, kuvepo kwefuro kunogona kuratidza kana detergents iri kushanda; mafuta akawandisa anogona kutadzisa kuumbwa kwefuro, nepo furo richiderera richireva kuderedzwa kwedetergent.

④ Fiber Type uye Textile Properties: Kupfuura chimiro chemakemikari, kutaridzika uye kurongeka kwemafiber kunokanganisa kunamira kwetsvina uye kubvisa kuoma. Fiber dzine hutsinye kana dzakapfava, semvere dzemakwai kana donje, dzinowanzobata tsvina nyore nyore kupfuura shinda dzakatsetseka. Machira akarukwa nepedyo anogona kutanga kuramba kuunganidzwa kwetsvina asi anogona kukanganisa kugezwa kunoshanda nekuda kwekutadza kuwana tsvina yakavharirwa.

⑤ Kuomarara kweMvura: Kuiswa kweCa²⁺, Mg²⁺, uye mamwe maion esimbi anokanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekuwacha, kunyanya kune anionic surfactants, anogona kugadzira munyu usinganyungudika unoderedza kushanda kwekuchenesa. Mumvura yakaoma kunyange neyakakwana surfactant concentration, kuchenesa kushanda kunowira pfupi kana ichienzaniswa nemvura yakasvibiswa. Kuti unyatsoita surfactant performance, kuwanda kweCa²⁺ kunofanira kudzikiswa kusvika pazasi 1×10⁻⁶ mol/L (CaCO₃ pazasi 0.1 mg/L), kazhinji zvichidikanwa kuisirwa mvura-inonyorovesa maajenti mukati mekugadzira detergent.