Zviri Mukati ZveChinyorwa Ichi:
1. Kuvandudzwa kweAmino Acids
2. Mamiriro ezvinhu
3. Kuumbwa kwemakemikari
4.Classification
5. Synthesis
6. Physicochemical properties
7. Muchetura
8. Antimicrobial basa
9. Rheological properties
10. Zvikumbiro muindasitiri yezvizorwa
11. Zvikumbiro muzvizoro zvezuva nezuva
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)ikirasi yeva surfactants inoumbwa nekubatanidza hydrophobic mapoka ane imwe kana kupfuura Amino Acids. Muchiitiko ichi, maAmino Acids anogona kugadzirwa kana kutorwa kubva kuprotein hydrolysates kana mamwe anodzokororwa masosi. Iri bepa rinovhara ruzivo rweakawanda anowanikwa ekugadzira nzira dzeAAS uye mhedzisiro yenzira dzakasiyana pane physicochemical zvimiro zvekupedzisira zvigadzirwa, kusanganisira kunyungudika, kugadzikana kwekupararira, chepfu uye biodegradability. Sekirasi yeva surfactants mukuwedzera kudiwa, kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kweAAS nekuda kwechimiro chavo chakasiyana chinopa huwandu hukuru hwemikana yekutengesa.
Tichifunga kuti ma surfactants anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu detergents, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, tertiary oiri kudzoreredza uye mishonga yemishonga, vaongorori havana kumbomira kutarisisa kune surfactants.
Masurfactants ndiwo anonyanya kumiririra makemikari zvigadzirwa zvinodyiwa muhuwandu hwezuva nezuva pasirese uye zvakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa panharaunda yemvura.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwakapararira kwechinyakare surfactants kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda.
Nhasi, isiri-chepfu, biodegradability uye biocompatibility zvakatonyanya kukosha kune vatengi sekushandisa uye kuita kwevanoshandisa surfactants.
Biosurfactants ishamwari yezvakatipoteredza inogadzirika ma surfactants ayo akasikirwa kugadzirwa netupukanana senge bhakitiriya, fungi, uye mbiriso, kana yakavanzwa kunze.Naizvozvo, biosurfactants inogona zvakare kugadzirwa nemamorekuru dhizaini kutevedzera echisikigo amphiphilic zvimiro, senge phospholipids, alkyl glycosides uye acyl Amino Acids.
Amino Acid surfactants (AAS)ndeimwe yeakajairika surfactants, anowanzo kugadzirwa kubva kumhuka kana kurima mbishi zvinhu. Mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, AAS yakakwezva kufarira kukuru kubva kumasaenzi sevano surfactants, kwete chete nekuti vanogona kugadzirwa kubva kune zvinogonekazve, asiwo nekuti maAAS ari nyore kuparara uye asina kukuvadza ne-zvigadzirwa, zvichiita kuti ive yakachengeteka kune zvakatipoteredza.
AAS inogona kutsanangurwa sekirasi yevasara vane maAmino Acids ane Amino Acid mapoka (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) kana Amino Acid residues (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Iwo 2 anoshanda matunhu eAmino Acids anobvumira kutorwa kweakasiyana siyana ezve surfactants. Huwandu hwemakumi maviri akajairwa maProteinogenic Amino Acids anozivikanwa kuvapo muzvisikwa uye ane basa rekuita kwese kwemuviri mukukura uye zviitiko zvehupenyu. Vanosiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe chete maererano nekusara R (Mufananidzo 1, pk a ndiyo yakaipa logarithm yeasidhi dissociation nguva dzose yemhinduro). Mamwe haasi-polar uye hydrophobic, mamwe ari polar uye hydrophilic, mamwe ari ekutanga uye mamwe ane acidic.
Nekuda kwekuti maAmino Acids arizve makomboni, ma surfactants akagadzirwa kubva kuAmino Acids anewo mukana wepamusoro wekuve wakasimba uye unoenderana nenharaunda. Iyo yakapfava uye yechisikigo chimiro, yakaderera chepfu uye nekukurumidza biodegradability zvinowanzoita kuti ive yepamusoro kune yakajairwa surfactants. Uchishandisa zvinhu zvinogonesa kugadziridzwa (semuAmino Acids nemafuta emuriwo), AAS inogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana dzebiotechnology uye nzira dzemakemikari.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, maAmino Acids akatanga kuwanikwa kuti aishandiswa sema substrates ekugadzira ma surfactants.AAS yainyanya kushandiswa sezvidziviriro mumishonga yemishonga uye zvizoro.Mukuwedzera, AAS yakawanikwa iine biologically inoshanda kurwisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirwere zvinokonzeresa mabhakitiriya, mapundu, uye mavhairasi. Muna 1988, kuwanikwa kweAAS-yemutengo wakaderera kwakagadzira kufarira kwetsvakiridzo muchiitiko chepamusoro. Nhasi, nekuvandudzwa kwebiotechnology, mamwe maAmino Acid anokwanisa zvakare kugadzirwa kutengeserana pamwero mukuru nembiriso, izvo zvinoratidzira zvisina kunanga kuti kugadzirwa kweAAS kunoenderana nenharaunda.
01 Kuvandudzwa kweAmino Acids
Kare sekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, pakatanga kuwanikwa maAmino Acids, zvimiro zvawo zvaifungidzirwa kuve zvakakosha - zvichishandiswa sezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira maamphiphiles. Chidzidzo chekutanga pamusoro pekuumbwa kweAAS chakashumwa naBondi mu1909.
Muchidzidzo ichocho, N-acylglycine neN-acylalanine zvakaunzwa semapoka ehydrophilic kune vano surfactants. Basa rakatevera raisanganisira kuumbwa kwe lipoAmino Acids (AAS) vachishandisa glycine uye alanine, uye Hentrich et al. yakaburitsa nhevedzano yezvakawanikwa,kusanganisira yekutanga patent application, pakushandiswa kwe acyl sarcosinate uye acyl aspartate munyu sezvishandiso muzvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa mudzimba (semu shampoos, detergents uye mazino).Mushure meizvozvo, vaongorori vazhinji vakaongorora synthesis uye physicochemical zvimiro zveacyl Amino Acids. Kusvika pari zvino, boka guru remabhuku rakadhindwa pane synthesis, zvivakwa, maindasitiri ekushandisa uye biodegradability yeAAS.
02 Zvivakwa Zvemagariro
Iyo isiri-polar hydrophobic fatty acid maketani eAAS inogona kusiyanisa muchimiro, kureba kweketani uye nhamba.Iyo yakasiyana-siyana yezvimiro uye yakakwirira pamusoro pekuita kweAAS inotsanangura yavo yakakura yekuumbwa kwakasiyana uye physicochemical uye biological zvimiro. Iwo makuru mapoka eAAS anoumbwa neAmino Acids kana peptides. Misiyano mumapoka emusoro inosarudza kushambadza, kuunganidzwa uye biological chiitiko cheaya masurfactants. Mapoka anoshanda muboka remusoro anobva asarudza rudzi rweAAS, kusanganisira cationic, anionic, nonionic, uye amphoteric. Iko kusanganiswa kwehydrophilic Amino Acids uye hydrophobic refu-cheni zvikamu zvinoumba amphiphilic chimiro chinoita kuti molecule ishande zvakanyanya pamusoro. Uye zvakare, kuvepo kweasymmetric kabhoni maatomu mumorekuru kunobatsira kuumba chiral mamorekuru.
03 Kuumbwa Kwemakemikari
Ese Peptides uye Polypeptides ndiwo maPolymerization zvigadzirwa zveaya anoda kusvika makumi maviri α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Zvose makumi maviri α-Amino Acids dzine carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH) uye amino functional group (-NH 2), zvose zvakabatanidzwa kune imwechete tetrahedral α-carbon atomu. Amino Acids inosiyana kubva kune imwe neimwe nemapoka akasiyana-siyana eR akabatanidzwa kune α-carbon (kunze kwe lycine, apo boka reR ihydrogen.) Mapoka eR anogona kusiyana mukugadzirwa, ukuru uye kubhadharisa (acidity, alkalinity). Iyi misiyano inotarisawo kunyungudika kweAmino Acids mumvura.
Amino Acids ari chiral (kunze kweglycine) uye ari optically anoshanda nemasikirwo nekuti ane mana akasiyana anotsiva akabatana nealpha kabhoni. Amino Acids ane maviri anogoneka conformations; ivo havasi-kupindirana magirazi emifananidzo yeumwe neumwe, zvisinei nekuti nhamba yeL-stereoisomers yakanyanya kukwirira. R-boka riripo mune mamwe maAmino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine uye Tryptophan) inonzi aryl, inotungamira kune yakanyanya kunyura UV pa280 nm. Iyo acidic α-COOH uye yakakosha α-NH 2 muAmino Acids inokwanisa kuita ionization, uye ese ari maviri stereoisomers, chero zvaari, anovaka iyo ionization equilibrium inoratidzwa pazasi.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Sezvinoratidzwa mukuenzanisa kweionization pamusoro, amino acids ine mapoka maviri asina simba ane acidic; zvisinei, boka recarboxyl rine acidic yakawanda kana richienzaniswa neprotonated amino group. pH 7.4, boka recarboxyl rinobviswa purotoni nepo boka remamino richiitwa protonated. Amino acids ane asiri-ionizable R mapoka haana kwaakarerekera nemagetsi pane iyi pH uye anoumba zwitterion.
04 Classification
AAS inogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nemaitiro mana, ayo anotsanangurwa pazasi achitevera.
4.1 Zvinoenderana nekwakabva
| Zvinoenderana nekwakabva, AAS inogona kukamurwa kuita 2 zvikamu zvinotevera. ① Natural Category Mamwe makomisheni anongoitika ega ane amino asidhi anewo kugona kuderedza pamusoro/kukakavadzana kwechiso, uye mamwe anotopfuura efficacy yeglycolipids. Aya maAAS anozivikanwawo se lipopeptides. Lipopeptides yakaderera molecular uremu makomisheni, anowanzo gadzirwa neBacillus marudzi.
AAS akadaro akapatsanurwazve kuita 3 subclass:surfactin, iturin uye fengycin.
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| Mhuri yepeptides-inoshanda peptides inotenderedza heptapeptide akasiyana ezvakasiyana zvinhu,sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2a, umo C12-C16 unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid chain inobatanidzwa kune peptide. Peptide yepamusoro-inoshanda ndeye macrocyclic lactone umo mhete yakavharwa ne catalysis pakati peC-terminus ye β-hydroxy fatty acid uye peptide. Muchikamu cheiturin, pane misiyano mitanhatu mikuru, inoti iturin A neC, mycosubtilin uye bacillomycin D, F uye L.Muzviitiko zvose, heptapeptides yakabatanidzwa neC14-C17 maketani e-β-amino fatty acids (maketani anogona kuva akasiyana). Muchiitiko chekurimycins, boka reamino pa-β-position rinogona kuumba amide bond neC-terminus nokudaro inogadzira macrocyclic lactam structure.
Iyo subclass fengycin ine fengycin A uye B, iyo inonziwo plipastatin apo Tyr9 iri D-yakagadziriswa.Iyo decapeptide yakabatana neC14 -C18 yakazara kana isina kuvharwa β-hydroxy fatty acid chain. Zvimiro, plipastatin iriwo macrocyclic lactone, ine Tyr side chain panzvimbo 3 ye peptide sequence uye kugadzira ester bond neC-terminal residue, nokudaro inogadzira chimiro chemukati chemhete (sezvakaita kune akawanda Pseudomonas lipopeptides).
② Synthetic Category AAS inogonawo kugadzirwa nekushandisa chero ipi zvayo acidic, basic uye neutral amino acids. Anowanzo amino acids anoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kweAAS ndeye glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, uye protein hydrolysates. Iyi subclass ye surfactants inogona kugadzirwa nemakemikari, enzymatic, uye chemoenzymatic nzira; zvisinei, pakugadzirwa kweAAS, kemikari synthesis inonyanya kuitika mune zvehupfumi. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid uye N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Kubva pane aliphatic chain substituents
Kubva pane aliphatic chain substituents, amino acid-based surfactants inogona kukamurwa kuita maviri marudzi.
Zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yeanotsiva
| ①N-yakatsiva AAS MuN-inotsiva makomisheni, boka reamino rinotsiviwa neboka re lipophilic kana boka re carboxyl, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwekutanga. muenzaniso wakapfava weN-inotsiviwa neAAS iN-acyl amino acids, ayo ari anionic surfactants. n-inotsiva AAS ine amide bond yakabatanidzwa pakati pe hydrophobic uye hydrophilic zvikamu. Iyo amide bond ine kugona kuumba hydrogen bond, iyo inofambisa kushatiswa kweiyi surfactant munzvimbo ine acidic, nekudaro ichiita kuti biodegradable.
②C-inotsiva AAS MuC-inotsiva makomisheni, kutsiva kunoitika paboka recarboxyl (kuburikidza neamide kana ester bond). Makomponi akajairika eC-anotsiva (esta kana amides) ane cationic surfactants.
③N- uye C-yakatsiva AAS Murudzi urwu rwesurfactant, ese ari maviri amino necarboxyl mapoka ndiwo hydrophilic chikamu. Rudzi urwu runonyanya kuita amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwe hydrophobic miswe
Zvichienderana nenhamba yemapoka emusoro uye hydrophobic miswe, AAS inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka mana. Straight-chain AAS, Gemini (dimer) mhando AAS, Glycerolipid mhando AAS, uye bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) mhando AAS. straight-chain surfactants ma surfactants anosanganisira amino acids ane muswe mumwe chete wehydrophobic (Mufananidzo 3). Gemini mhando AAS ine maviri amino acid polar musoro mapoka uye maviri hydrophobic miswe pamorekuru (Mufananidzo 4). Mune rudzi urwu rwechimiro, maviri akatwasuka-cheni AAS akabatanidzwa pamwechete nespacer uye nekudaro anonziwo dimers. Mune iyo Glycerolipid mhando AAS, kune rumwe rutivi, iyo miviri hydrophobic miswe yakasungirirwa kune imwecheteyo amino acid musoro boka. Aya ma surfactants anogona kutariswa seanofananidzira emonoglycerides, diglycerides uye phospholipids, nepo muBola-mhando AAS, maviri amino acid misoro mapoka akabatanidzwa nemuswe wehydrophobic.
4.4 Zvinoenderana nerudzi rweboka remusoro
①Cationic AAS
Boka remusoro werudzi urwu rwesurfactant rine mutero wakanaka. Iyo yekutanga cationic AAS ndeye ethyl cocoyl arginate, iri pyrrolidone carboxylate. Izvo zvakasiyana uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveiyi surfactant inoita kuti ibatsire mumishonga inouraya utachiona, antimicrobial agents, antistatic agents, hair conditioners, pamwe nekupfava pameso uye paganda uye zviri nyore kuparara. Singare neMhatre vakagadzira arginine-based cationic AAS uye vakaongorora hunhu hwavo hwefizikiki. Muchidzidzo ichi, vaiti goho rakakura rezvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa vachishandisa Schotten-Baumann maitiro ekuita. Nekuwedzera kwealkyl chain urefu uye hydrophobicity, basa repamusoro reiyo surfactant rakawanikwa richiwedzera uye Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) kuderera. Imwezve ndeye quaternary acyl protein, iyo inowanzoshandiswa seyakagadziriswa mune zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta bvudzi.
②Anionic AAS
Mune anionic surfactants, boka remusoro wepolar remushonga une mhosva yakaipa. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), amino acid inowanzowanikwa mugungwa urchins uye nyeredzi dzegungwa, ikemikari yakabatana neglycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), yakakosha amino acid inowanikwa. mumasero emammalian. -COOH,) ikemikari yakabatana neglycine, inova yakakosha amino acid inowanikwa mumasero emammalian. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid uye halides yavo uye esters inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira sarcosinate surfactants. MaSarcosinate ane hunyoro saka anowanzo shandiswa mukugezesa muromo, shampoos, kupfapfaidza furo rekuveura ndebvu, sunscreens, kuchenesa ganda, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuzora.
Zvimwe zvinotengeswa anionic AAS zvinosanganisira Amisoft CS-22 uye AmiliteGCK-12, ari mazita ekutengesa sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate uye potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, zvichiteerana. Amilite inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinopupuma furo, detergent, solubilizer, emulsifier and dispersant, uye ine zvakawanda zvekushandisa muzvizoro, zvakaita seshamposi, sipo dzekugezera, kugeza muviri, mushonga wemazino, kuchenesa kumeso, sipo dzekuchenesa, ma lens anochenesa uye anoshandisa mumba. Amisoft inoshandiswa seyakapfava ganda uye kuchenesa bvudzi, kunyanya mukuchenesa kumeso nemuviri, block synthetic detergents, zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza muviri, shampoos uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda.
③zwitterionic kana amphoteric AAS
Amphoteric surfactants ine ese aridhi uye akakosha masaiti uye saka anogona kushandura kubhadharisa kwavo nekushandura pH kukosha. Mune alkaline media vanoita seanionic surfactants, nepo munzvimbo dzine acidic vanoita senge cationic surfactants uye mune zvisina kwazvakarerekera media senge amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) uye alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine ndiwo chete anozivikanwa amphoteric surfactants akavakirwa pamaamino acids. LL chigadzirwa che condensation che lysine uye lauric acid. Nekuda kwechimiro chayo cheamphoteric, LL hainyunguriki munenge marudzi ese ezvinonyungudutsa, kunze kweakanyanya alkaline kana acidic zvinonyungudutsa. Sehupfu hwehupfu, LL ine yakanakisa kunamatira kune hydrophilic nzvimbo uye yakaderera coefficient yekukwesha, ichipa ino surfactant yakanakisa yekuzora kugona. LL inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumakirimu eganda uye vhudzi rekugadzirisa, uye inoshandiswawo semafuta.
④Nonionic AAS
Nonionic surfactants inoratidzirwa nemapoka emusoro wepolar pasina mhosva yepamutemo. masere matsva ethoxylated nonionic surfactants akagadzirwa naAl-Sabagh et al. kubva kuoiri-soluble α-amino acids. Muchiitiko ichi, L-phenylalanine (LEP) uye L-leucine yakatanga esterified nehexadecanol, ichiteverwa nepakati nepalmitic acid kuti ipe maamide maviri uye maviri ester e-α-amino acids. Ma amide nemaester akabva aita condensation reactions ne ethylene oxide kugadzira matatu ephenylalanine derivatives ane nhamba dzakasiyana dze polyoxyethylene units (40, 60 uye 100). Aya ma nonionic AAS akawanikwa aine yakanaka detergency uye kupupa zvinhu.
05 Synthesis
5.1 Basic synthetic nzira
MuAAS, mapoka e-hydrophobic anogona kusungirirwa kune amine kana carboxylic acid nzvimbo, kana kuburikidza nemaketani emativi emamino acids. Zvichienderana neizvi, nzira ina dzekutanga dzekugadzira dziripo, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 5.
Fig.5 Yakakosha synthesis nzira dzeamino acid-based surfactants
| Nzira 1. Amphiphilic ester amines inogadzirwa ne esterification reactions, iyo iyo iyo surfactant synthesis inowanzo wanikwa ne refluxing mafuta anodhaka uye amino acids pamberi peiyo dehydrating agent uye acidic catalyst. Mune mamwe maitiro, sulfuric acid inoshanda sesese catalyst uye dehydrating agent.
Nzira 2. Activated amino acids inopindirana nealkylamines kuumba amide bond, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kweamphiphilic amidoamines.
Nzira 3. Amido acids inogadzirwa nekuita mapoka emaamine emaamino acids ane Amido Acids.
Nzira 4. Long-chain alkyl amino acids akagadzirwa nekuita kwemapoka emamine ane haloalkanes. |
5.2 Kufambira mberi mune synthesis uye kugadzira
5.2.1 Synthesis ye single-chain amino acid/peptide surfactants
N-acyl kana O-acyl amino acids kana peptides inogona kugadzirwa ne enzyme-catalyzed acylation yeamine kana hydroxyl mapoka ane fatty acids. Chirevo chepakutanga pane solvent-free lipase-catalyzed synthesis yeamino acid amide kana methyl ester derivatives yakashandiswa Candida antarctica, ine goho rinobva pa25% kusvika 90% zvichienderana nechinangwa cheamino acid. Methyl ethyl ketone yakashandiswawo se solvent mune mamwe maitiro. Vonderhagen et al. yakatsanangurawo lipase uye protease-catalyzed N-acylation reactions yeamino acids, mapuroteni hydrolysates uye / kana zvigadzirwa zvavo vachishandisa musanganiswa wemvura uye organic solvents (eg, dimethylformamide / mvura) uye methyl butyl ketone.
Mumazuva ekutanga, dambudziko guru ne enzyme-catalyzed synthesis yeAAS yaiva zvibereko zvishoma. Maererano neValivety et al. goho reN-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives yaingova 2% -10% kunyange mushure mekushandisa lipases yakasiyana uye incubating pa 70 ° C kwemazuva mazhinji. Montet et al. yakasanganawo nematambudziko ane chekuita nekuderera kwegoho reamino acids mukugadzirwa kweN-acyl lysine uchishandisa mafuta acids nemafuta emiriwo. Maererano navo, goho guru rechigadzirwa raiva 19% pasi pemamiriro ekugadzirisa-isina uye kushandisa organic solvents. dambudziko rimwechete rakasangana naValivety et al. mukugadzirwa kweN-Cbz-L-lysine kana N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester derivatives.
Muchidzidzo ichi, vaiti goho re3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine raiva 80% pavanenge vachishandisa N-protected serine se substrate uye Novozyme 435 sechinhu chinokonzera munzvimbo yakanyungudutswa isina kunyungudutswa. Nagao naKito vakadzidza O-acylation yeL-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine uye L-tyrosine (LET) pavanenge vachishandisa lipase Migumisiro yemhinduro (lipase yakawanikwa naCandida cylindracea uye Rhizopus delemar mune aqueous buffer medium) uye yakashuma kuti zvibereko zveacylation yeL-homoserine uye L-serine zvaive zvishoma, asi pasina acylation yeL-threonine uye LET yakaitika.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakatsigira kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvisingadhuri uye zviri nyore kuwanikwa zvekubatanidza kweAAS inodhura. Soo et al. yakataura kuti kugadzirwa kwemafuta emuchindwe-based surfactants anoshanda zvakanyanya ne immobilized lipoenzyme. Ivo vakacherekedza kuti goho rezvigadzirwa zvaizova nani kunyangwe nekutora nguva kuita (6 mazuva). Gerova et al. yakaongorora kuumbwa uye kuita kwepamusoro kwechiral N-palmitoyl AAS yakavakirwa pamethionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine uye phenylglycine mumusanganiswa wecyclic/racemic. Pang naChu vakatsanangura kuumbwa kweamino acid based monomers uye dicarboxylic acid based monomers mumhinduro Mutsara wekushanda uye biodegradable amino acid-based polyamide esters akagadzirwa ne-co-condensation maitiro mumhinduro.
Cantaeuzene naGuerreiro vakashuma esterification yecarboxylic acid mapoka eBoc-Ala-OH uye Boc-Asp-OH ane refu-chain aliphatic alcohols uye diols, ine dichloromethane seinonyungudutsa uye agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) sechikonzero. Muchidzidzo ichi, kuita kweBoc-Ala-OH nemafuta ane doro kusvika ku16 kabhoni akapa goho rakanaka (51%), nepo Boc-Asp-OH 6 uye 12 carbons aive nani, aine goho rinoenderana re63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) muzvibereko kubva ku58% kusvika ku76%, iyo yakagadzirwa nekugadzirwa kweamide zvisungo zvakasiyana-siyana-refu-chain alkylamines kana ester zvisungo nemafuta anodhaka neCbz-Arg-OMe, apo papain yakaita sechinhu chinokonzera.
5.2.2 Synthesis ye gemini-based amino acid/peptide surfactants
Amino acid-based gemini surfactants ine maviri akatwasuka-cheni AAS mamorekuru akabatana musoro-kune-musoro kune mumwe nemumwe neboka re spacer. Pane zvirongwa zviviri zvinogoneka zve chemoenzymatic synthesis ye gemini-type amino acid-based surfactants (Figure 6 ne7). Mumufananidzo 6, 2 amino acid derivatives inobatwa nekomboni yacho seboka re spacer uye ipapo 2 hydrophobic mapoka anounzwa. Mumufananidzo 7, iyo 2 yakatwasuka-cheni zvimiro zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga pamwe ne bifunctional spacer boka.
Kubudirira kwekutanga kwe enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye gemini lipoamino acids yakapayona naValivety et al. Yoshimura et al. yakaongorora kuumbwa, kushambadza uye kuunganidzwa kweamino acid-based gemini surfactant yakavakirwa pacystine uye n-alkyl bromide. Iwo akagadzirwa surfactants akafananidzwa neanoenderana monomeric surfactants. Faustino et al. yakatsanangura kuumbwa kweanionic urea-based monomeric AAS yakavakirwa paL-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine uye L-sulfoalanine uye mapaya avo egemini nenzira ye conductivity, kuenzana kwepamusoro tension uye kugadzikana. -state fluorescence maitiro avo. Yakaratidzwa kuti cmc kukosha kwe gemini yakanga yakaderera nekuenzanisa monomer uye gemini.
Fig.6 Synthesis ye gemini AAS inoshandisa AA derivatives uye spacer, inoteverwa nekuiswa kweboka re hydrophobic
Fig.7 Synthesis ye gemini AASs inoshandisa bifunctional spacer uye AAS
5.2.3 Synthesis yeglycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants ikirasi itsva yelipid amino acids ari maumbirwo analogis eglycerol mono- (kana di-) esters uye phospholipids, nekuda kwechimiro chavo chetani imwe kana maviri emafuta ane amino acid imwe yakabatana neglycerol musana. nechisungo cheester. Kuumbwa kweaya ma surfactants kunotanga nekugadzirwa kwe glycerol esters yeamino acids patembiricha yakakwira uye pamberi peiyo acidic catalyst (semuenzaniso BF 3). Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (kushandisa hydrolases, proteases uye lipases sezvinokonzera) zvakare isarudzo yakanaka (Mufananidzo 8).
Iyo enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates uchishandisa papain yakashumwa. Synthesis ye diacylglycerol ester conjugates kubva kuacetylarginine uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro avo e physicochemical zvakataurwa zvakare.
Fig.8 Synthesis ye mono uye diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
spacer: NH-(CH2)10-NH: musanganiswaB1
spacer: NH-C6H4-NH: musanganiswaB2
spacer: CH2-CH2: musanganiswaB3
Fig.9 Synthesis of symmetric amphiphiles inotorwa kubva kuTris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Synthesis yebola-based amino acid/peptide surfactants
Amino acid-based bola-type amphiphiles ane 2 amino acids akabatanidzwa kune imwecheteyo hydrophobic cheni. Franceschi et al. yakatsanangura kuumbwa kwebola-type amphiphiles ine 2 amino acids (D- kana L-alanine kana L-histidine) uye 1 alkyl cheni yehurefu hwakasiyana uye yakaongorora basa ravo repamusoro. Vanokurukura maumbirwo uye kuunganidzwa kwenovel bola-type amphiphiles nechikamu cheamino acid (vachishandisa ingave isingajairike β-amino acid kana doro) neC12 -C20 spacer boka. Izvo zvisingawanzoitiki β-amino acids inoshandiswa inogona kuva shuga aminoacid, azidothymin (AZT) -inotorwa amino acid, norbornene amino acid, uye amino alcohol yakabva kuAZT (Mufananidzo 9). iyo synthesis ye symmetrical bola-mhando amphiphiles inotorwa kubva kune tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) (Mufananidzo 9).
06 Physicochemical properties
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti amino acid based surfactants (AAS) yakasiyana-siyana uye yakasiyana-siyana muzvisikwa uye ine kushandiswa kwakanaka mune zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa zvakadai sekugadzirisa zvakanaka, zvakanaka emulsification properties, kushanda kwepamusoro, kushanda kwepamusoro uye kumira zvakanaka kumvura yakaoma (calcium ion. kushivirira).
Kubva pane surfactant properties of amino acids (eg surface tension, cmc, phase behaviour uye Krafft tembiricha), zvinotevera mhedziso dzakasvikwa mushure meongororo dzakadzama - basa repamusoro reAAS rinopfuura iro rekare rinosangana naro.
6.1 Yakakosha Micelle Concentration (cmc)
Critical micelle concentration ndeimwe yeanokosha parameters ye surfactants uye inotonga yakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakadai solubilization, cell lysis uye kupindirana kwayo ne biofilms, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji, kuwedzera urefu hweketani yemuswe we hydrocarbon (kuwedzera hydrophobicity) kunotungamirira kuderera. mu cmc kukosha kweiyo surfactant solution, nokudaro kuwedzera basa rayo repamusoro. Masurfactants akavakirwa paamino acids anowanzo ane yakaderera cmc kukosha kana ichienzaniswa neyakajairika surfactants.
Kuburikidza nemisanganiswa yakasiyana yemapoka emusoro uye hydrophobic miswe (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. akagadzira matatu arginine-based AAS uye akadzidza cmc yavo uye γcmc (kushushikana kwepamusoro pa cmc), zvichiratidza kuti cmc uye γcmc tsika dzakadzikira nekuwedzera hydrophobic muswe kureba. Mune imwe ongororo, Singare naMhatre vakawana kuti cmc yeN-α-acylarginine surfactants yakadzikira nekuwedzera huwandu hwehydrophobic tail carbon atomu (Table 1).
Yoshimura et al. yakatsvaga cmc ye cysteine-derived amino acid-based gemini surfactants uye yakaratidza kuti cmc yakaderera apo urefu hwekabhoni muketani yehydrophobic yakawedzerwa kubva ku10 kusvika ku12. iyo yakasimbisa kuti refu-chain gemini surfactants vane tsika yakaderera yekuunganidza.
Faustino et al. yakashuma kuumbwa kwemamicelles akasanganiswa mune aqueous mhinduro yeanionic gemini surfactants yakavakirwa pacystine. Iwo ma gemini surfactants akafananidzwawo neanoenderana akajairwa monomeric surfactants (C 8 Cys). Iyo cmc kukosha kwe lipid-surfactant musanganiswa yakanzi yakaderera pane iyo yeakachena surfactants. gemini surfactants uye 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, mvura-soluble, micelle-forming phospholipid, yakanga ine cmc muzinga re millimolar.
Shrestha naAramaki vakaongorora magadzirirwo eviscoelastic worm-like micelles mune aqueous solutions emusanganiswa amino acid-based anionic-nonionic surfactants pasina musanganiswa wemunyu. Muchidzidzo ichi, N-dodecyl glutamate yakawanikwa ine yakakwirira yeKrafft tembiricha; zvisinei, payakasiiwa neamino acid L-lysine, yakagadzira micelles uye mhinduro yakatanga kuita semvura yeNewtonian pa25 °C.
6.2 Kunyungudika kwemvura kwakanaka
Kunyungudika kwemvura kwakanaka kweAAS kunokonzerwa nekuvapo kwemamwe mabhondi eCO-NH. Izvi zvinoita kuti AAS iwedzere biodegradable uye ine hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza kupfuura inoenderana neyakajairwa surfactants. Kunyungudika kwemvura kweN-acyl-L-glutamic acid kuri nani nekuda kwemapoka ayo maviri e-carboxyl. Kunyungudika kwemvura kweCn(CA) 2 kwakanakawo nekuti kune 2 ionic arginine mapoka mu1 molecule, izvo zvinoita kuti iwedzere kushanda adsorption uye diffusion pa cell interface uye kunyangwe inoshanda yebhakitiriya inhibition pane yakaderera concentration.
6.3 Krafft tembiricha uye Krafft point
Tembiricha yeKrafft inogona kunzwisiswa seyakanyanya kunyungudika maitiro evanoshandisa surfactants avo kunyungudika kunowedzera zvakanyanya pamusoro peimwe tembiricha. Ionic surfactants ine tsika yekugadzira yakasimba hydrates, iyo inogona kubuda mumvura. Pane imwe tembiricha (iyo inonzi tembiricha yeKrafft), kuwedzera kunoshamisa uye kusinga peri mukunyungudika kweva surfactants kunowanzoonekwa. Nzvimbo yeKrafft yeionic surfactant ndiyo tembiricha yayo yeKrafft pacmc.
Iyi solubility hunhu inowanzoonekwa kune ionic surfactants uye inogona kutsanangurwa sezvizvi: kunyungudika kweiyo surfactant yakasununguka monomer inogumira pazasi peKrafft tembiricha kusvika iyo Krafft point yasvika, uko kunyungudika kwayo kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemicelle. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekunyungudika kwakazara, zvinodikanwa kugadzirira surfactant formulations patembiricha pamusoro peKrafft point.
The Krafft tembiricha yeAAS yakadzidzwa uye ichienzaniswa neyeyakajairwa synthetic surfactants.Shrestha naAramaki vakadzidza tembiricha yeKrafft yearginine-based AAS uye vakawana kuti iyo yakakosha micelle concentration yakaratidza maitiro ekuunganidza muchimiro che pre-micelles pamusoro pe2-5. × 10-6 mol-L -1 inoteverwa neyakajairwa micelle formation (Ohta et al. akabatanidza marudzi matanhatu akasiyana eN-hexadecanoyl AAS uye akakurukura hukama pakati pekushisa kweKrafft kwavo uye amino acid zvakasara.
Muzviedzo, zvakaonekwa kuti tembiricha yeKrafft yeN-hexadecanoyl AAS yakawedzera nekudzikira saizi yeamino acid zvakasara (phenylalanine iri imwe chete), nepo kupisa kwekunyungudika (kukwira kupisa) kwakawedzera nekuderera kwehukuru hweamino acid masara (pamwe. kunze kweglycine uye phenylalanine). Yakagumiswa kuti mune zvose alanine uye phenylalanine systems, kuwirirana kweDL kwakasimba kudarika kuwirirana kweLL muhutano hwakasimba hweN-hexadecanoyl AAS munyu.
Brito et al. yakatemera tembiricha yeKrafft yematatu akatevedzana eanoveli amino acid-based surfactants vachishandisa musiyano wekutarisa microcalorimetry uye akawana kuti kushandura iyo trifluoroacetate ion kuita iodide ion kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya kweKrafft tembiricha (inenge 6 °C), kubva pa47 °C kusvika 53 °. C. Kuvapo kwecis-double bonds uye unsaturation iripo mune yakareba-chain chain Ser-derivatives yakakonzera kuderera kukuru kwekushisa kweKrafft. n-Dodecyl glutamate yakanzi ine yakakwirira yeKrafft tembiricha. Nekudaro, kusarerekera kune yakakosha amino acid L-lysine kwakakonzera kuumbwa kwemamicelles mumushonga waiita senge Newtonian fluid pa25 °C.
6.4 Kushushikana kwepamusoro
Iko kushushikana kwepamusoro kweva surfactants kune hukama nehurefu hweketani yechikamu chehydrophobic. Zhang et al. akatemesa tension yesodium cocoyl glycinate neWilhelmy plate method (25±0.2)°C uye yakatara kukosha kwepamusoro-soro pa cmc se 33 mN-m -1, cmc se 0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. yakatemerwa tension ye2C n Cys type amino acid based surface tension ye2C n Cys-based surface active agents. Yakawanikwa kuti kushushikana kwepamusoro pa cmc kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kweketani kureba (kusvika n = 8), nepo maitiro akadzoserwa kune vano surfactants vane n = 12 kana kureba cheni.
Mhedzisiro yeCaC1 2 pamusoro pekushushikana kwe dicarboxylated amino acid-based surfactants yakaongororwawo. Muzvidzidzo izvi, CaC1 2 yakawedzerwa kune aqueous solutions matatu dicarboxylated amino acid-type surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, uye C12 GluNa 2). Iwo mahombe eplateau mushure mecmc akaenzaniswa uye zvakaonekwa kuti kushushikana kwepamusoro kwakadzikira pakadzika kwazvo CaC1 2 concentrations. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuita kwe calcium ions pakurongeka kweiyo surfactant pane gasi-mvura interface. Kusawirirana kwepamusoro kwemunyu weN-dodecylaminomalonate uye N-dodecylaspartate, kune rumwe rutivi, kwaivewo kunenge kusingagumi kusvika ku10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 concentration. Pamusoro pe10 mmol-L -1, kushushikana kwepamusoro kunowedzera zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekuumbwa kwekunaya kwekarusiyamu munyu we surfactant. Kune disodium munyu weN-dodecyl glutamate, kuwedzera kwakadzikama kweCaC1 2 kwakaguma nekuderera kukuru kwekunetseka kwepamusoro, nepo kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweCaC1 2 kusingachakonzeri kuchinja kukuru.
Kuti uone adsorption kinetics ye gemini-mhando yeAAS pane gasi-mvura interface, kusimba kwepamusoro-soro kwakagadziriswa uchishandisa nzira yepamusoro yebubble pressure. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti kwenguva yakareba yekuyedza, iyo 2C 12 Cys dynamic surface tension haina kuchinja. Kudzikira kweiyo dynamic surface tension kunoenderana chete neconcentration, kureba kwe hydrophobic miswe, uye nhamba ye hydrophobic miswe. Kuwedzera kusanganiswa kwesurfactant, kuderera kwecheni kureba pamwe nenhamba yemaketani zvakakonzera kuora nekukurumidza. Migumisiro yakawanikwa kune yakakwirira yeC n Cys (n = 8 kusvika 12) yakawanikwa iri pedyo zvikuru ne γ cmc yakayerwa nenzira yeWilhelmy.
Mune chimwe chidzidzo, kusimba kwepasi pesodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) uye sodium didecamino cystine kwakatemwa neWilhelmy plate nzira, uye nekuwedzera, kuenzana kwepamusoro kusawirirana kwemhinduro dzavo dzemvura kwakatemwa nekudonha kwevhoriyamu nzira. Kuita kwe disulfide bonds kwakaongororwazve nedzimwe nzira zvakare. Kuwedzerwa kwe mercaptoethanol ku 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC mhinduro yakakonzera kukurumidza kuwedzera kwehutano hwepamusoro kubva pa34 mN-m -1 kusvika 53 mN-m -1. Sezvo NaClO ichigona oxidize disulfide zvisungo zveSDLC kune sulfonic acid mapoka, hapana akaunganidzwa akaonekwa apo NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) yakawedzerwa kune 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC mhinduro. Transmission electron microscopy uye simba rekuparadzira chiedza mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti hapana akaunganidzwa akaumbwa mumhinduro. Kushungurudzika kwepamusoro kweSDLC kwakawanikwa kuwedzera kubva ku34 mN-m -1 kusvika ku60 mN-m -1 pane imwe nguva ye20 min.
6.5 Binary pamusoro pekudyidzana
MuSainzi dzehupenyu, mapoka akati wandei akadzidza nezve vibrational properties yemusanganiswa we cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) uye phospholipids pagasi-mvura interface, pakupedzisira vakagumisa kuti iyi isiri-yakanaka pfuma inokonzera kuwanda kwe electrostatic interactions.
6.6 Aggregation zvivakwa
Dynamic light scattering inowanzoshandiswa kuona kuunganidzwa kwezvimiro zveamino acid-based monomers uye gemini surfactants pamitsetse iri pamusoro pecmc, ichipa inooneka hydrodynamic diameter DH (= 2R H ). Iwo akaunganidzwa akaumbwa neC n Cys uye 2Cn Cys akakura zvakati wandei uye ane hupamhi hwekugovanisa zvichienzaniswa nemamwe masurfactants. Ese ma surfactants kunze kwe2C 12 Cys anowanzo gadzira aggregates anosvika gumi nm. micelle saizi ye gemini surfactants yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yeavo monomeric vamwe vavo. Kuwedzera kwehurefu hwe hydrocarbon chain zvakare kunotungamira mukuwedzera kwesaizi micelle. ohta et al. akatsanangura kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana stereoisomers zveN-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium mune aqueous solution uye yakaratidza kuti madiastereoisomers ane imwechete yakakosha kuunganidza kuunganidzwa mune aqueous solution. Iwahashi et al. yakaongororwa ne circular dichroism, NMR uye vapor pressure osmometry iyo Kuumbwa kwechiral aggregates yeN-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine uye methyl esters yavo mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyungudutsa (senge tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4) -dioxane uye 1,2-dichloroethane) ine zvinhu zvinotenderera zvakaongororwa nedenderedzwa dichroism, NMR uye vapor pressure osmometry.
6.7 Interface adsorption
Iyo yepakati adsorption yeamino acid-based surfactants uye kuenzanisa kwayo neyakajairwa mumwe wayo ndeimwe yenzira dzekutsvagisa. Semuenzaniso, iyo interfacial adsorption zvimiro zvedodecyl esters yeanonhuwirira amino acids akawanikwa kubva kuLET neLEP akaongororwa. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti LET neLEP vakaratidza nzvimbo dzepasi dzepasi pagasi-mvura yemvura uye pamvura/hexane interface, zvichiteerana.
Bordes et al. yakaongorora maitiro ekugadzirisa uye adsorption pane gasi-mvura interface yevatatu dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, iyo disodium munyu yedodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, uye aminomalonate (ine 3, 2, uye 1 kabhoni maatomu pakati pemapoka maviri ecarboxyl, zvichiteerana). Maererano neshumo iyi, iyo cmc ye dicarboxylated surfactants yaive yakakwira 4-5 nguva kupfuura iyo yemonocarboxylated dodecyl glycine munyu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwehydrogen zvisungo pakati pe dicarboxylated surfactants uye mamorekuru akavakidzana kuburikidza nemapoka emamide arimo.
6.8 Phase maitiro
Isotropic discontinuous cubic phases inocherechedzwa kune vano surfactants pane yakanyanya kudzika. Surfactant mamorekuru ane mapoka makuru emisoro anowanzoita akaunganidzwa ediki diki curvature. marques et al. akadzidza maitiro echikamu che12Lys12/12Ser uye 8Lys8/16Ser masisitimu (ona Mufananidzo 10), uye mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti 12Lys12/12Ser system ine chikamu chekuparadzanisa zone pakati pemicellar uye vesicular mhinduro matunhu, nepo 8Lys8/16Ser system The 8Lys8/16Ser system inoratidza shanduko inoenderera (yakareba micellar phase region pakati pediki micellar phase region uye vesicle phase region). Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kune vesicle dunhu re12Lys12/12Ser system, mavhesi anogara akabatana nemamicelles, nepo vesicle dunhu re8Ls8/16Ser system ine mavhesi chete.
Catanionic musanganiswa we lysine- uye serine-based surfactants: symmetric 12Ls12/12Ser pair (kuruboshwe) uye asymmetric 8Ls8/16Ser pair (kurudyi)
6.9 Kugonesa emulsifying
Kouchi et al. akaongorora emulsifying kukwanisa, interfacial tension, dispersibility, uye viscosity yeN- [3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, uye mamwe maAAS. Mukuenzanisa neanogadzira surfactants (avo akajairwa nonionic uye amphoteric vamwe), mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti AAS ine yakasimba emulsifying kugona pane yakajairika surfactants.
Baczko et al. synthesized novel anionic amino acid surfactants uye akaongorora kukodzera kwavo sechiral oriented NMR spectroscopy solvents. Mutsara we sulfonate-based amphiphilic L-Phe kana L-Ala zvinobva kune zvakasiyana hydrophobic miswe (pentyl~tetradecyl) yakagadzirwa nekuita amino acids ne o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. synthesized sodium munyu weN-fatty acyl AAS uyeakaongorora kugona kwavo emulsification mumafuta-mu-mvura emulsions, uye mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti ma surfactants aya akaita zvirinani ne ethyl acetate sechikamu chemafuta pane n-hexane sechikamu chemafuta.
6.10 Kufambira mberi mune synthesis uye kugadzira
Kuramba kwemvura kwakaoma kunogona kunzwisiswa sekugona kwevanoita surfactants kuramba kuvepo kweiyoni senge calcium uye magnesium mumvura yakaoma, kureva, kugona kudzivirira kunaya mune sipo dzecalcium. Masurfactants ane high hard hard water resistance anobatsira zvikuru pakugadzira detergent uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta munhu. Kuramba kwemvura yakaoma kunogona kuongororwa nekuverenga shanduko mukunyungudika uye kushanda kwepamusoro kweiyo surfactant pamberi peiyo calcium ions.
Imwe nzira yekuongorora kuomarara kwemvura ndeyekuverenga chikamu kana magiramu emushonga anodiwa kuti sipo yecalcium iitwe kubva pa100 g yesodium oleate kuti iparadzwe mumvura. Munzvimbo dzine mvura yakaoma yakawanda, kuwanda kwe calcium uye magnesium ions uye mineral content zvinogona kuita kuti mamwe maapplication ashande akaoma. Kazhinji iyoion yesodium inoshandiswa seyoni yekupikisa yeanionic surfactant yakagadzirwa. Sezvo iyo divalent calcium ion yakasungirirwa kune ese ari maviri mamorekuru, inokonzera iyo surfactant kuti iwedzere zviri nyore kubva mukugadzirisa kuita detergency kushomeka.
Chidzidzo chekudzivirira kwemvura yakaoma yeAAS kwakaratidza kuti asidi uye mvura yakaoma yekudzivirira yakakonzerwa zvakasimba neboka rekuwedzera re carboxyl, uye asidi nemvura yakaoma kuramba yakawedzera kuwedzera nekuwedzera kwehurefu hweboka re spacer pakati pemapoka maviri e carboxyl. . Kurongeka kweasidhi uye kusagadzikana kwemvura yakaoma kwaiva C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Tichienzanisa dicarboxylated amide bond uye dicarboxylated amino surfactant, zvichiteerana, zvakaonekwa kuti pH yemhando yekupedzisira yaive yakakura uye basa rayo repamusoro rakawedzera nekuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwakakodzera hweasidhi. Dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acids yakaratidza chelating effect muhupo hwe calcium ions, uye C 12 aspartate yakagadzira gel jena. c 12 glutamate yakaratidza kushanda kwepamusoro pakakwirira Ca 2+ concentration uye inotarisirwa kushandiswa mukubvisa mvura yegungwa.
6.11 Kupararira
Dispersibility zvinoreva kugona kwea surfactant kudzivirira kubatana uye sedimentation ye surfactant mumhinduro.Dispersibility chinhu chakakosha cheva surfactants chinoita kuti chive chakakodzera kushandiswa mu detergents, cosmetics uye pharmaceuticals.Mumiriri anoparadzira anofanira kunge aine ester, ether, amide kana amino bond pakati peboka rehydrophobic neterminal hydrophilic group (kana pakati peakatwasuka cheni hydrophobic mapoka).
Kazhinji, ma anionic surfactants akadai se alkanolamido sulfates uye amphoteric surfactants akadai amidosulfobetaine anonyanya kushanda seanoparadzira sipo dzecalcium.
Kuedza kwakawanda kwekutsvagisa kwakatara kupararira kweAAS, uko N-lauroyl lysine yakawanikwa isingaenderane nemvura uye yakaoma kushandisa pakugadzira zvizorwa.Mune ino nhevedzano, N-acyl-inotsiva basic amino acids ine superb dispersibility uye inoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvizorwa kuvandudza maumbirwo.
07 Muchetura
Conventional surfactants, kunyanya cationic surfactants, ane muchetura kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Kutyisa kwavo kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nechiitiko che adsorption-ion kupindirana kwema surfactants pane cell-water interface. Kuderedza iyo cmc yeva surfactants kunowanzo tungamira kune yakasimba interfacial adsorption yeva surfactants, izvo zvinowanzo konzera kukwirisa kwavo huturu. Kuwedzera kwehurefu hweiyo hydrophobic chain yeva surfactants zvakare inotungamira mukuwedzera kweiyo surfactant acute toxicity.Yakawanda yeAAS yakaderera kana isiri-chepfu kuvanhu uye zvakatipoteredza (kunyanya kune zvipenyu zvegungwa) uye yakakodzera kushandiswa sezvikafu zvekudya, mishonga uye zvizoro.Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaratidza kuti amino acid surfactants akapfava uye haatsamwire ganda. Arginine-based surfactants inozivikanwa seine chepfu shoma pane yakajairika yavo.
Brito et al. akadzidza physicochemical and toxicological properties of amino acid-based amphiphiles uye [zvakatorwa kubva ku tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) uye lysine (Ls)] kungoerekana kuumbwa kwe cationic vesicles uye vakapa ruzivo pamusoro pehupfu hwavo Daphnia magna (IC 50). Vakagadzira cationic vesicles ye dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives uye/kana Ser-/Lys-derivative misanganiswa uye vakaedza ecotoxicity yavo uye hemolytic kugona, zvichiratidza kuti maAAS ese nemisanganiswa yawo ine vesicle-ine vesicle yaive isina muchetura pane yakajairika surfactant DTA. .
Rosa et al. yakaongorora kusunga (kubatanidzwa) kweDNA kune yakagadzikana amino acid-based cationic vesicles. Kusiyana neyakajairwa cationic surfactants, iyo inowanzoita senge ine chepfu, kusangana kwe cationic amino acid surfactants kunoratidzika kunge kusiri chepfu. Iyo cationic AAS yakavakirwa paarginine, iyo inongoerekana yagadzira yakagadzikana vesicles pamwe chete nemamwe anionic surfactants. Amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors inonziwo haina chepfu. Aya ma surfactants anogadzirwa zviri nyore nekuchena kwepamusoro (kusvika 99%), mutengo wakaderera, unogoneka nyore biodegradable, uye unonyungudika zvachose mune aqueous media. Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti sulfur-ine amino acid surfactants inokunda mukuora inhibition.
Muchidzidzo chechangobva kuitika, Perinelli et al. yakashuma inogutsa toxicological mbiri ye rhamnolipids ichienzaniswa neyakajairika surfactants. Rhamnolipids vanozivikanwa kuita sepermeability enhancers. Ivo zvakare vakashuma mhedzisiro yerhamnolipids pane epithelial permeability ye macromolecular zvinodhaka.
08 Antimicrobial chiitiko
Iyo antimicrobial chiitiko che surfactants inogona kuongororwa nehushoma inhibitory concentration. Iyo antimicrobial chiitiko chearginine-based surfactants chakadzidzwa zvakadzama. Gram-negative mabhakitiriya akawanikwa achipikisa zvakanyanya kune arginine-based surfactants kupfuura mabhakitiriya eGram-positive. Basa reantimicrobial re surfactants rinowanzowedzerwa nekuvapo kwehydroxyl, cyclopropane kana unsaturated bonds mukati memaketani acyl. Castillo et al. yakaratidza kuti kureba kwemaketani e-acyl uye mutero wakanaka unosarudza kukosha kweHLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) yemorekuru, uye izvi zvine simba pakukwanisa kwavo kukanganisa membrane. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester imwe kirasi yakakosha ye cationic surfactants ine wide-spectrum antimicrobial chiitiko uye Inokurumidza kuparadzwa uye ine yakaderera kana isina chepfu. Zvidzidzo pamusoro pekudyidzana kweNα-acylarginine methyl ester-based surfactants ine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine uye 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, modhi membranes, uye ine mhenyu membranes. kuvapo kana kusavapo kwezvipingamupinyi zvekunze zvakaratidza kuti kirasi iyi yevashambadziri ine yakanaka antimicrobial Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti ma surfactants ane basa rakanaka reantibacterial.
09 Rheological properties
Iyo rheological properties yeva surfactants inoita basa rakakosha pakuona uye kufanotaura mashandisiro avo mumaindasitiri akasiyana, anosanganisira chikafu, mishonga yemishonga, kudhirowa kwemafuta, kutarisirwa kwevanhu uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta kumba. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa kukurukura hukama pakati pe viscoelasticity yeamino acid surfactants uye cmc.
10 Zvishandiso muindasitiri yezvizorwa
AAS inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvekuchengeta munhu.potassium N-cocoyl glycinate inowanikwa kuva yakapfava paganda uye inoshandiswa mukuchenesa kumeso kubvisa tsvina uye makeup. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid ine mapoka maviri e-carboxyl, ayo anoita kuti iwedzere kunyungudika mumvura. Pakati peaya maAAS, AAS yakavakirwa paC 12 fatty acids inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukucheneswa kwechiso kubvisa tsvina nekugadzira. AAS ine ketani yeC 18 inoshandiswa se emulsifiers muzvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda, uye N-Lauryl alanine munyu inozivikanwa kugadzira furo dzakarukwa dzisingatsamwisi ganda uye saka dzinogona kushandiswa pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta vana. N-Lauryl-based AAS inoshandiswa mumucheka wemazino ine detergency yakanaka yakafanana nesipo uye yakasimba enzyme-inhibiting efficacy.
Mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, kusarudzwa kwevagadziri vezvizoro, zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta munhu uye mishonga yakatarisana nekushomeka kwehupfu, hunyoro, hunyoro kune kubata uye kuchengeteka. Vatengi vezvigadzirwa izvi vanonyatsoziva nezve zvinogona kutsamwisa, muchetura uye zvakatipoteredza.
Nhasi, AAS inoshandiswa kugadzira ma shampoos mazhinji, dhayi dzebvudzi uye sipo dzekugezesa nekuda kwezvakanakira zvakawanda pamusoro pevamwe vavo vechinyakare muzvizoro uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta munhu.Maprotein-based surfactants ane zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvinodikanwa kune zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta munhu. Mamwe maAAS ane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira bhaisikopo, nepo vamwe vane hunyanzvi hwekupupa furo.
Amino acids akakosha zvinowanzoitika zvinonyorovesa zvinhu mu stratum corneum. Kana masero epidermal afa, anova chikamu che stratum corneum uye mapuroteni e intracellular zvishoma nezvishoma anoderedzwa kuva amino acids. Aya maamino acids anobva atakurwa kuenda ku stratum corneum, uko anotora mafuta kana mafuta-akafanana nezvinhu mu epidermal stratum corneum, nokudaro achivandudza kusimba kweganda. Inenge 50% yezvakasikwa inonyorovesa chinhu muganda inoumbwa neamino acids uye pyrrolidone.
Collagen, chinhu chakajairika chezvizorwa, chinewo maamino acids anochengeta ganda rakapfava.Matambudziko eganda akadai sekukasharara uye kugomara kunokonzerwa nechikamu chikuru chekushaikwa kwemaamino acids. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti kusanganisa amino acid nechizoro kunobvisa kutsva kweganda, uye nzvimbo dzakakanganisika dzakadzokera kumugariro wadzo wenguva dzose pasina kuita mavanga keloid.
Amino acids akaonekwa zvakare achibatsira zvakanyanya mukutarisira kukuvara kwekucheka.Mvere dzakaoma, dzisina shapeless dzinogona kuratidza kuderera kwehuwandu hweamino acids mune yakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya stratum corneum. Amino acids inokwanisa kupinda mukati me cuticle mukati mebvudzi rebvudzi uye inotora hunyoro kubva paganda.Kugona uku kweamino acid based surfactants kunoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mumashampoos, dhayi dzebvudzi, zvinopfavisa vhudzi, zvigadziriso zvebvudzi, uye kuvapo kwemaamino acids kunoita kuti bvudzi rive nesimba.
11 Zvishandiso muzvizoro zvemazuva ese
Parizvino, kune kudiwa kuri kukura kweamino acid-based detergent formulations pasi rese.MaAAS anozivikanwa kuve ane hunyanzvi hwekuchenesa, kugona kupupa uye kupfavisa machira, izvo zvinoita kuti ive yakakodzera kugezesa yemumba, shampoos, kugeza muviri uye mamwe maapplication.Aspartic acid-derived amphoteric AAS inonzi inonyatsoshanda detergent ine chelating properties. Kushandiswa kwe detergent ingredients zvinosanganisira N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids yakawanikwa kuderedza kutsamwa kweganda. A liquid detergent formulation inosanganisira N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate yakanzi inonyatsoshanda yekuchenesa kwemafuta mavara pasimbi. An aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONA, yakaratidzawo kuva nedetergency iri nani uye inoshandiswa kuchenesa machira, makapeti, bvudzi, girazi, nezvimwewo. Iyo 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- acetoacetic acid derivative inozivikanwa kuve ine yakanaka kuomarara kugona uye nekudaro inopa kugadzikana kune bleaching agents.
Kugadzirira kwe detergent formulations yakavakirwa paN-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl) -β-alanine yakashumwa naKeigo naTatsuya mumvumo yavo yekugona kugeza uye kugadzikana, kuputsika kwefuro nyore uye kupfava kwejira rakanaka. . Kao akagadzira detergent formulation yakavakirwa paN-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine uye yakashuma kuderera kweganda, kushorwa kwemvura uye simba rekubvisa tsvina.
Kambani yeJapan Ajinomoto inoshandisa yakaderera-chepfu uye nyore kuparara AAS yakavakirwa paL-glutamic acid, L-arginine uye L-lysine sechinhu chikuru chekushandisa mu shampoos, detergents uye cosmetics (Mufananidzo 13). Kugona kwekuwedzera kwe enzyme mune detergent formulations kubvisa protein fouling yakataurwa zvakare. N-acyl AAS yakabva kune glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine uye aspartic acid yakashumwa nokuda kwekushandisa kwavo seyakanakisa mvura yekugezesa mune aqueous mhinduro. Aya ma surfactants haawedzere viscosity zvachose, kunyangwe pakadzika kwazvo tembiricha, uye anogona kutamiswa zviri nyore kubva mumudziyo wekuchengetera wemudziyo unopupuma kuti uwane homogeneous foams.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-09-2022