1. Kumwe kushushikana
Iyo contraction simba pachiyero urefu pamusoro pechinhu chemvura inonzi pamusoro penzvimbo, yakayerwa muna N • m-1.
2. Sosi yebasa uye surfactant
Iyo pfuma iyo inogona kuderedza nzvimbo yekunhuhwirira kwemasimbi inodaidzwa kuti nzvimbo yezviitiko, uye zvinhu zvine basa repamusoro zvinonzi nzvimbo inoshanda.
Surfactant zvinoreva zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinogona kuumba micelles uye mamwe mahukama mumvura mhinduro, iva neyakawandisa basa, uye nekunyorova, kupera simba, nekushambidza, uye mamwe mabasa.
3. Molecular Forural maitiro eSurfactant
Surfactant ndeye mishonga yemijisiki ine zvimiro zvakakosha uye zvivakwa zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya kusawirirana pakati pemapanhau (kazhinji kwemvura), uye kuve nemidziyo yakadai sekunyorova, kupupuma, uye kugeza, uye kugeza.
Zvimiro zvekutaura, surfachanacha vanogovana hunhu hwakajairika hwekuti rine mapoka maviri akasiyana ebasa mumamolekyu. Mumwe mugumo iboka renzvimbo isina polar iro rinoputika mumafuta asi kusakwana mumvura, rinozivikanwa seboka re hydrobhic kana hydrophobic boka. Aya mapoka emhamboti anowanzove mitezo mongororo, dzimwe nguva organic fluorine, orgOmicon, etercorin maketin, ethy of solluble singlection boka, iro hydrophilic boka kana hydrophilic group. Iyo hydrophic group inofanira kunge iine hydrophilikutic hydrophicity kuve nechokwadi chekuti iyo yese shuwa inokonzeresa mvura uye ine iyo inodiwa salubility. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka ehydrophilic uye hydrophobic mapoka mu surfacts, vanogona kunyungudika mune imwe chikamu chimwe chikamu chechikamu chemvura. Iyo hydrophilic uye oleophilic zvivakwa zve surfers
4.Tytypes yeSurfaers
Surfactants idzo amphihilic mamorekuru ane marudzi e hydrophobic uye hydrophic mapoka. Mapoka e hydrophic ema surfers hydrophic mapoka. Naizvozvo, zvivakwa zve surfacts zvinonyanya kuenderana nemapoka ehydrophilic mukuwedzera kune saizi uye chimiro chemapoka ehydrophobic. The structural changes of hydrophilic groups are greater than those of hydrophobic groups, so the classification of surfactants is generally based on the structure of hydrophilic groups. Kugadziriswa uku kunonyanya kuve pamusoro pekuti mapoka ehydropilic ari ionic, anovaparadzanisa muAnonic, cationic, nonition, zwitterionic, uye mamwe marudzi akakosha eSurfectors.
5. Hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze emvura
① Adsorption yeSurfacts At Interfaces
Surfactant mamorekuru vane lipeilic uye hydrophilic mapoka, vachiita ivo ampiphilic mamorekuru. Mvura imvura ine polar ine simba. Kana surfachers ikanyungudika mumvura, maererano neyekuzara kwekufananidzirwa uye polarity musina mutsindo, mapoka avo ehydropil anokwezvwa nechikamu chemvura uye anodzungudza mumvura, nepo mapoka avo emigodhi anodzokorora mvura obva mumvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mamorekusa-surfact Iyo yakawanda mamairalital molecules (kana ion) inodhindwa pane iyo interface, iyo yakakura kuderera kwekunetseka kwekunetseka.
② Zvimwe zvivakwa zve adsorption membrane
Kumanikidza kumanikidzwa kweAdsorption membrane: surfalsan adsorb pagesi-yemvura interface kuti iite adsorption membrane. Kana iyo isingabvumirwe inokatyamadza yekuyamwa inoiswa pane iyo interface uye iyo plate inoyerera inosundira iyo ADSorption membrane pamwe chete nesarudzo yekugadzirisa, iyo membrane inopa kudzvinyirirwa mundiro inoyerera, iyo inonzi nzvimbo yekumanikidza.
Survenity viscosity: Kufanana nekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro, kumisikidza viscosity inzvimbo yakaratidziridzwa nemafirimu ane manyorerwo. Simudza mhete yeplatin ine waya yakaonda, ita kuti ndege yayo yekutsvedza yemvura yekunyura, restinum platinum inotungamirwa neyekuvhunduka kwemvura, uye inovhara zvishoma nezvishoma inosvina, zvinoenderana nekwavanogona kuyerwa. Nzira iyi ndeye: Kutanga mufambiro pane yakachena mvura pamusoro, kuyera iyo implitude kutaridzika kwechiso chechiso chechiso, uye kuverenga iyo yekuvhara kwechiso chechiso kubva mutsauko uripo pakati pezviviri.
Iyo yekuvhara yemusoro iri yakanangana neiyo yakasimba yemusoro wechiso kumeso. Sezvo iyo adsorption firimu ine kumanikidzwa uye viscosity, inofanira kunge iri elastic. Iyo yepamusoro yepamusoro yekumanikidza newiscosity ye adsorption membrane, iyo yakakura elastic modulus. Iyo elastic modulus yemusoro wekushamwaridzana adsorption firimu ndeyekukosha kukuru mune maitiro ekutenderera kwemufurati.
③ Kuumbwa kweMicelle
Mhinduro yedhiri yeSurfaacant inotevedzera mitemo yemhinduro dzakakodzera. Iyo adsorption huwandu hwesurachers pane pamusoro pemhinduro inowedzera neyekupindirana kwemhinduro. Kana iko kusangana kwasvika kana kudarika imwe kukosha, iyo adsorption inowedzera hupfupi. Aya ma moleculant mamorekuru mumhinduro anokanganisika kana kuvapo nenzira yenguva dzose. Dzidziso mbiri uye dzidziso dzakaratidza kuti dzinogadzira mahwira mumhinduro, ayo anonzi micelles.
Akakosha memolle Connede: Iyo shoma yekushambadzira iyo iyo surfachers inoumba micelles mumhinduro inonzi iyo inonzi myolle memolle memolle.
④ Iko kukosha kweCMC yekuzivikanwa suprictant.
6. Hydrophilic uye oleophilic quilibrium kukosha
HLB inomiririra hydrophilic lipeilic chiyero uye lipophic quiphilic uye lipophic mapoka eiyo hydrophilic uye lipophic mapoka emunhu wepamberi, kureva hlb kukosha kweiyo siractory. Iyo yakakwira HLB kukosha inoratidza yakasimba hydrophilikuity uye kushaya simba lifiphilipity yemamorekuru; Kusiyana neizvozvo, ine liphilikuti yakasimba uye isina kusimba hydrophilikuti.
Mitemo yeHLB kukosha
Iko kukosha kweHLB kukosha kwehukama, saka kana uchigadzira kukosha kweHLB, iyo HLB kukosha kweiyo Hydrophilic Possession yakaiswa kusvika makumi mana Kazhinji, emelsififiers neHLB tsika dzisingasviki gumi pane lipophic, nepo emulsifiers neHLB kukosha kwakakura kupfuura gumi ndeye hydrophilic. Naizvozvo, kushandura nzvimbo kubva kune lipophicity kune hydrophilicity ingangoita gumi.
7. Emulsification uye Solubidization mhedzisiro
Zvidimbu zviviri zvisingachinjiki, imwe yakaumbwa nekuparadzira zvidimbu (madonhwe kana makristasi emvura) mune imwe, anonzi emulsions. Paunenge uchigadzira emulsion, nzvimbo yekuwirirana pakati pezvimedu zviviri zvinowedzera, ichigadzira iyo system thermodynamically isina kugadzikana. Kuti udzikise emulsion, chikamu chechitatu - emulsifier - inoda kuwedzerwa kuti uderedze simba rekunzwisisa rehurongwa. Emulsifiers ndevapasitaya, uye basa ravo guru nderokuita se emlsifiers. Chikamu chacho chiri madonhwe aripo mumhanzi inonzi iyo inoparadzaniswa chikamu chakaparadzirwa
① emulsifiers uye emulsions
Mhedzisiro yakajairika ine chikamu chimwe chemvura kana mhinduro yemvura, uye chimwe chikamu chakakamurwa nemvura, etc. Mvura yakapararira mumafuta anoumba mvura mumambo yemafuta, anomiririrwa ne w / o (mvura / mafuta). Uye zvakare, mvura yakaoma mumafuta mumvura w / o / w uye mafuta mumvura mumafuta o / w / o emultions inogona zvakare fomu.
Embultifier inokanganisa emulsion nekuderedza kushushikana kwekunetseka uye kugadzira monolayer kumeso mask.
Zvinodiwa zve emulsifiers mune emulsifies B: emulsifiers inofanira kupa zvimedu zvemagetsi muripo, zvichikonzera kusarudzika kwemagetsi pakati pezvikamu kana kugadzira iyo yakasarudzika, inoshamisa viscous inodzivirira firimu kutenderera zvimedu. Saka, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa se emulsifiers dzinofanirwa kuve nemapoka amphiphilic kuve nemhedzisiro, uye surfacts inogona kusangana ichi chinodiwa.
② Kugadzirira nzira dze emulsions uye zvinhu zvinokanganisa kusimba kwembion
Pane nzira mbiri dzekugadzirira emulsions: Imwe ndeye kushandisa nzira dzekuchinjisa kuti dziparidze mvura mune zvidiki zvidimbu mune imwe mvura, iyo inowanzoshandiswa mune indasitiri kugadzirira emulsions; Imwe nzira ndeyekunyungudika mvura mumanyorero mamiriro mune imwe mvura uye wobva watendera kuunganidzira nenzira yakakodzera kuti iite emulsion.
Kugadzikana kwemaziso kunoreva kugona kwavo kuramba kushamisika uye kukonzera kupatsanurana chikamu. Emulsions ndeye thermodynamocy isina kugadzikana masisitimu ane simba remahara emahara. Naizvozvo, kugadzikana kwe emulsion kunoreva nguva inodiwa kuti system isvike kuenzana, ndiyo nguva inodiwa kuti mvura muhurongwa.
Kana paine polar organic mamorekuru akadai seakakora doro, mafuta acid uye fatty amine mune yechiso, iyo simba reMetrane rinowedzera zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti emelsifier mamorekuru adsorce adsorption layer inowirirana nedoro, acid uye ambicx ", iyo inowedzera simba reInterface mask.
Emulsifiers inoumbwa nevaviri kana anopfuura surfers vanonzi vakasanganiswa emulsifiers. Yakasanganiswa emulsifiers adsorb pane mvura / mafuta interface, uye intermolecular yekudyidzana inogona kuumba yakaoma. Nekuda kwekutaurirana kwakasimba kwekubatana, kusawirirana kwekunetseka kwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, huwandu hwe emulsifier adsorbed pane iyo interface inowedzera zvakanyanya, uye density uye simba reiyo yakaumbwa kumeso mask inowedzera.
Mhosva yemadonhwe ine kukosha kwakakosha pakugadzikana kwekugadzikana kwemelsions. Mbiru dzakasarudzika dzinowanzove nemadonhwe nemhosva yemagetsi. Paunenge uchishandisa IONC EMLSITIFELS, emulsifier Ions adsorbed pamapoka avo emigodhi muhomwe yemifuta, nepo mapoka ehydrophilic ari muchikamu chemvura, zvobva zvaita madonhwe. Nekuda kweizvozvo kuti madonhwe e emulsion anotakura mutero mumwechete, anodzinganisa uye haagone kuunganidzwa, zvichikonzera kuwedzerwa kugadzikana. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti manyorerwo fungidziro inoshamwaridzana pamadonhwe, iyo yekuraira kwavo, uye yakakura kugona kwekudzivirira kudzora colleth, kuita kuti gadziriro yemulsion yakawedzera kugadzikana.
Iyo visikopo ye emulsion kupararira yepakati pakati ine chekuita nekugadzikana kwekugadzikana kwemulsion. Kazhinji, yakakwira zvikwangwani zvevakapinza svikiro, yakakwira kugadzikana kwe emulsion. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvevisangano vaparidzi vepamhepo yakakwira, iyo inotadzisa zvakanyanya kutenderera kwemakonzo emvura, kuderedza kudzvanywa pakati pemakonzo, uye anochengetedza hurongwa hwakagadzikana. Zvinhu zvePolymer zvinowanzo kuve manyorerwo colulables dzinogona kuwedzera iyo visikopo yehurongwa uye nekusimudzira kugadzikana kwe emulsion. Uye zvakare, iyo polymer inogona zvakare kuumba iyo yakasimba interface yechiso, ichiita kuti llesion system yakagadzikana.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzera iyo yakasimba poda inogona zvakare kudzikamisa zvakare emulsion. Icho choupfu hwakasimba hachizi mumvura, mafuta kana pane interface, zvichienderana nekugona kwemvura kwemvura uye mvura pane yakasimba poda. Kana iyo yakasimba poda isinganyanye kunyungudutswa nemvura uye inogona kunyoroveswa nemafuta, icharamba iri pamusangano wemvura.
Chikonzero nei iyo Solid Powder isingadzise molsion ndeyekuti hupfumi hwakaunganidzwa pane iyo interface haisimbise iyo interface yechiso, iyo yakafanana neyemukati megulsifier mamorekuru. Naizvozvo, iyo padhuze iyo yakasimba poda zvikamu zvakarongedzwa nenhamba, iyo yakawandisa emulsion ichave.
Surfactants ane kugona kuwedzera zvakanyanya solubility ye organic compounds iyo isingaonekwe kana kuti zvishoma mumvura mushure mekuumba micelles mhinduro, uye mhinduro iri pachena panguva ino. Mhedzisiro iyi micelle inonzi Solubilization. Surfers
8. Foam
Foam inotamba yakakosha basa mukushambidza maitiro ekushambidza. Foam inoreva iyo yekupararira system mune iyo gasi inopararira mumvura kana yakasimba. Gasi ndiyo chikamu chekuparadzira, uye mvura kana yakasimba ndiyo inopatsanurwa yepakati. Yaimbove inonzi mvura foam, iyo yekupedzisira ichinzi yakasimba foam, senge foam epurasitiki, girazi remafuta, etcement, nezvimwewo.
(1) kuumbwa kwe foam
Iyo foam pano inoreva kukwikwidza kweBubbles yakaparadzaniswa nemvura firimu. Nekuda kwemusiyano mukuru mukureba pakati pevakaparadzaniswa chikamu (gasi) uye iyo yakapararira yepakati (mvura), uye yakaderera viscosity yemvura, iyo foam inogona kugara ichikwira padanho remvura nekukurumidza.
Maitiro ekugadzira foam ndeyekuunza huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi mumvura, uye mabhuruku mumvura inodzoka kune iyo mvura yekukasira, ichigadzira iyo bubble aggregate yakaparadzaniswa nehuwandu hwemvura uye gasi
Foam ine maitiro maviri anoshamisa mune morphology: Imwe ndeyekuti bubbles seyakapererwa chikamu kazhinji, nekuti pakupindirana kwemabubbles, pane tsika yemidhodhi yemvura kuti ive mutete, uchigadzira bubbles polyhedral. Kana iyo firimu yemvura ikave yakaonda kune imwe nhanho, mabhuruku achatyora; Chechipiri, iyo yakachena mvura haigoni kuumba yakagadzikana foam, asi iyo mvura inogona kuumba foam ndeye kanokwana maviri kana anopfuura zvinhu. Mhinduro yemvura yemvura yeSurfaactant isiriyo yakajairika system iri nyore kuburitsa foam, uye kugona kwayo kuburitsa foam kunoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu.
Surfacts ine yakanaka yekupikisa kugona inonzi mafiramu anopinza. Kunyangwe mumiriri anopupuma aine kugona kwakanaka, iyo yakaumbwa foam inogona kusakwanisa kuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba, ndiko kuti, kugadzikana kwayo kunogona kunge kusiri zvakanaka. Kuti uchengetedze kugadzikana kwe foam, chinhu chinogona kuwedzera kugadzikana kwechipfuva chinowanzowedzerwa kumumiririri wekupupuma, izvo zvinonzi foam stabilizer. Anowanzoshandiswa foam stabilizer ndeye Laurayl diethanolanolano and dodecyl dimethyl Amine Oxide.
(2) kugadzikana kwe foam
Foam is a Thermody isina kugadzikana system, uye yekupedzisira maitiro ndeyekuti iyo yakazara nzvimbo yemvura yemvura iri muhurongwa uye iyo yemahara simba inoderedza mushure mekuputika kweBubble. Maitiro ekusazvibata ndiwo maitiro umo iyo iyo firimu yemvura ichipatsanuka gasi inoshandura gobvu kusvika yapera. Naizvozvo, kugadzikana kwe foam kunonyanya kutsanangurwa nekumhanya kwemvura discharge uye simba re firimu remvura. Pane zvimwe zvinoverengeka zvinopesvedzera zvinhu.
① Kushushikana kwepasi
Kubva pane simba remaonero ekuona, kushushikana kwepasi kwakanakira kuumbwa kwefuranga, asi hazvigone kuvimbisa kugadzikana kwehuputi. Low Possence Kushushikana, Low Press Pressure mutsauko, zvishoma nezvishoma mvura discharge kumhanya, uye inononoka yemvura film inotyamadza inokodzera kugadzikana kwechiputi.
② Kusvitswa kwemusoro
Chinhu chakakosha kuona kusimba kwehusimbe kweiyo foam is the firimu remvura, iyo inonyanya kutemwa neiyo yakasimba yeiyo nzvimbo yekushambadzira yedsorption, yakayerwa neyekuvhurwa kwemusoro. Kuedza kunoratidza kuti foam inogadzirwa nemhinduro neyekumusoro-svutugadzike yemukati ine hupenyu hwakareba. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kudyidzana pakati peAdsorbed mamorekuru kumusoro kunotungamira mukuwedzera kweMembrane Simba, nokudaro inovandudza hupenyu hwehuputi.
③ Solution viscossity
Kana viscosity yemvura pachayo inowedzera, iyo mvura iri mufirimu remvura hazvisi nyore kudzingwa, uye kumhanya kweiyo firimu remafirimu kuonda kunononoka, kunonoka nguva yemifirimu yemvura uye inowedzera kugadzikana kweiyo foam.
④ iyo 'kudzorera' mhedzisiro yemusoro kushushikana
Surfactan adsorbed pamusoro peiyo firimu yemvura ine kugona kuramba kuwedzera kana kupindirana kwemvura yemvura yemvura, iyo yatinoreva sekugadzirisa maitiro. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kune iyo firimu yemvura ye surfalants adsorbed pamusoro, uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yayo yekumusoro ichaderedza kusunganidzwa kwemavheni ekushambadzira mamorekuru uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yekunetsana. Kuwedzera kuwedzera iyo pamusoro ichada kushanda kwakakura. Kukurukurirana, nzvimbo yekumusoro shringelo ichawedzera kusunganidzwa kweAdsorbed mamorekuru pamusoro, kuderedza kusawirirana uye kutadzisa kuenderera mberi.
⑤ kusiyana kwegesi kuburikidza nefirimu remvura
Nekuda kwekuvapo kwekumanikidza kweCapillary, kudzvinyirira kwebuzi mufururu dzakakura kuti dziwedzere kubhuroka. Kana surfactant inowedzerwa, iyo foam ichave yunifomu uye yakasviba kana iri nyore, uye hazvisi nyore ku defoamer. Sezvo iyo Surfactant ichinyatsogadzirirwa pafirimu remvura, zvakaoma kufambisa, izvo zvinoita kuti foam yakawedzera kugadzikana.
⑥ Simba rekutarisisa kwepasi
Kana iyo Foam Life Firimu iri kubhadharwa nechiratidzo chimwe chete, iyo nzvimbo mbiri dzefirimu remvura dzichadzokorora mumwe nemumwe, kudzivirira iyo firimu yemvura kubva pakutetepa kana kuparadzwa. Ionic surfacts inogona kupa izvi kusimbisa maitiro.
Mukupedzisa, simba re firimu remvura ndiyo yakakosha factor kuona kugadzikana kwe foam. Semunhu anoona sarfact Kana iko kudyidzana pakati pemamorekuru emamolekyuli kune yakasimba, iyo inoshatisa iyo Simba rechiso, asi zvakare rakaomesesa firimu remvura kuti riite, uye gobvu remuti wemvura zviri nyore kuchengetedza. Mukuwedzera, zvakanyatsogadzirirwa masekonzi morekuru anogona zvakare kuderedza kubvumidzwa kwemasiromita mamorasi uye nekudaro kuwedzera kugadzikana kwe foam.
(3) Kuparadza kweFoam
Iyo nheyo yekutanga yekuparadza foam ndeyekuchinja mamiriro ekugadzira foam kana kubvisa zvinhu zvinogadziriswa zve foam, saka kune nzira mbiri dzinodzvinyirira, yemuviri uye nemakemikari.
Kuzeya kwepanyama ndiko kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu pasi peizvo foam inogadzirwa uchiramba uchichengetedza mamiriro emakemikari ePoam mhinduro isina kuchinjika. Semuenzaniso, kukanganisa kwekunze, tembiricha kana kumanikidza kuchinja uye ultrasonic kurapwa zvese zvinobudirira nzira dzekubvisa foam.
Nzira yemakemikari yekushambadzira ndeyekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu kuti ubate mumiririri wekupindirana, kuderedza iyo simba remvura yemvura muFoam, wobva waderedza kugadzikana kwehuputi kuzadzisa chinangwa chekusazvibata. Zvinhu zvakadai zvinonzi defoamers. Vazhinji vanozvibata. Naizvozvo, maererano nehunyanzvi hwekusazvibata, defoamers vanofanirwa kuve nekugona kwakasimba kuderedza nzvimbo, uye kuve nekushushikana kwepamhepo pakati pevhu vanoshambidza mamorekuru, zvakakonzera chimiro chakasununguka chesumbu remanyorerwo.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze defoamers, asi ivo vanonyanya kusarudzika vasingasviki surfers. Vasiri veIonic surfachers vane antti foaming zvivakwa padyo kana pamusoro pegore ravo nzvimbo uye zvinowanzoshandiswa sevane defoamers. ALCOHOLLS, kunyanya avo vane zvivakwa zvekukora, maAcds ane mafuta uye esters, polings, phosphate, etcone oiri, etc., anowanzoshandiswawo semafuta akanaka.
(4) foam uye kugeza
Iko hakuna hukama hwakananga pakati pe foam uye kushambidza maitiro, uye huwandu hwehuputi hazvireve kuti iyo yekugezesa iyo yakanaka kana yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, kuita kwekupupuma kwevasiri-ionic surfectants kwakaderera sipo, asi simba ravo rekuchenesa riri nani kupfuura sipo.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, foam inobatsira mukubvisa tsvina. Semuenzaniso, paunenge uchigeza tafura pamba, foam rekushamisira rinogona kubvisa madonhwe emafuta akageza; Kana kukwenya kapeti, foam inobatsira kubvisa tsvina yakasimba seguruva uye poda. Mukuwedzera, foam inogona dzimwe nguva ingashandiswa sechiratidzo chekuti kuderera kunoshanda, nekuti mafuta mafuta anokwanisa kunditsvaga foam yeiyo destgent. Kana paine zvakawandisa mafuta zvidiki uye zvakanyanya kuderera, hakuzove ne foam kana iyo yekutanga foam ichanyangarika. Dzimwe nguva, foam inogona kushandiswawo sechiratidzo chekuti runyararo rwakachena. Nekuti huwandu hwehupamhi mumhinduro yekukanda inowanzo kuderera nekuderera kwezvinhu zveDetenti
9. Kugeza maitiro
Mune imwe pfungwa yakafara, kugeza ndiyo nzira yekubvisa zvinhu zvisingadiwe kubva pachinhu chiri kushambidzwa uye kuzadzisa chimwe chinangwa. Kugeza mune yakajairwa pfungwa kunoreva maitiro ekubvisa tsvina kubva pamusoro pemutakuri. Panguva yekushambidza, kutakura pakati pevhu uye mutakuri kunoremerwa kana kubviswa kuburikidza nechiitiko cheimwe makemikari zvinhu (sekutakura musanganiswa wetsvina uye kuuraya, pakupedzisira kukonzera tsvina uye inotakura kuti itakurwe. Zvinhu zvacho zvinofanirwa kugezwa uye tsvina kuti abviswe zvakasiyana, kugeza chinhu chakaoma kwazvo, uye maitiro ekushambadzira anogona kumiririrwa neanotevera hukama hwakareruka
Carrier • Dilt + Dettergent = Carrier + tsvina
Maitiro ekushambidza anogona kugoverwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: Imwe ndeyekuparadzaniswa kwetsvina uye mutakuri wayo pasi pekuita kwekutora; Wechipiri ndewekuti tsvina yakavharidzirwa inopararira uye yakamiswa mudivi. Maitiro ekushambadzira ndeyekushambidza, uye tsvina inopararira kana kumiswa musium inogonawo kuerera kubva kune svikiro pane yekuwachira. Naizvozvo, fungidziro yakanaka kwazvo haifanire kungoita kuti igone kutakura tsvina, asi zvakare yakanaka kugona kuparadzira nekumisa tsvina, uye kudzivirira tsvina kubva kuzvimbo yekuisa zvakare.
(1) mhando dze tsvina
Kunyangwe kwechinhu chimwe chete, mhando, chimiro, uye huwandu hwetsvina huchasiyanisa zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekushandisa. OIL YEMAHARA DILT inonyanya kusanganisira mhuka uye nemiriwo mafuta, pamwe nemafuta emaminerari (akadai semafuta asina kuchena, etc. " Tsvina kubva pakudya, senge michero inobereka, mafuta anokwanisa, anocherekedza madhiri, starch, etc; Tsvina yakaunzwa nezviziso, senge lipstick uye chipikiri chiPolish; Tsvina kubva mumhepo, senge utsi, guruva, etc; Zvimwe zvinhu zvakadai se ink, tii, pendi, etc. zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kune dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakasiyana siyana.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevhu dzinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: yakasimba tsvina, tsvina yemvura, uye yakasarudzika tsvina.
① Zvakajairika zvakasviba zvinosanganisira zvimedu zvakadai seash, dope, ivhu, ngura, uye kabhoni dema. Zvizhinji zvezvidimbu izvi zvine chekumusoro pamusoro, zvakanyanya zvakashata, uye zviri nyore kuyaradzira pane zvinhu zvidiki. Kazhinji, tsvina yakasimba yakaoma kunyungudutswa mumvura, asi inogona kuparadzirwa uye kumiswa nemhinduro dzekusimbisa. Yakasimba tsvina ine zvidiki zvidimbu zvakaoma kubvisa.
② Diquid tsvina inonyanya kuvezwa mafuta Pakati pavo, mhuka uye miriwo mafuta uye mafuta emakona anogona kuiswa neAlkali Mafuta anonyura mvura tsvina kazhinji ine simba rakasimba rekudyidzana neiyo fibrous zvinhu uye adsorbs zvakasimba pamota.
Dhimoni rakakosha rinosanganisira protein, nhungamiro, zviga zvevanhu zvakadai sekutsvaira, neyeti yemichero, etc. Naizvozvo, kushambidza kwakaoma.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze tsvina dzisingawanikwe ndega, kazhinji dzakasanganiswa pamwe chete uye dzakashambadzirwa pamwe chete pazvinhu. Tsvina inogona dzimwe nguva oxidize, kuora, kana kuora pasi pekunze simba, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwetsvina nyowani.
(2) kuderedza kwetsvina
Chikonzero nei zvipfeko, maoko, etc. zvinogona kuwana yakasviba imhaka yekuti pane imwe mhando yekudyidzana pakati pezvinhu uye tsvina. Kune akasiyana-siyana ekushambadzira anokonzeresa tsvina pazvinhu, asi ivo vanonyanya kuwirirana mumuviri uye kumakemikari.
① kuderedza kwepanyama kwefodya yefodya, guruva, sediment, kabhoni dema, uye zvimwe zvinhu kune zvipfeko. Kazhinji, kudyidzana pakati pehunhu hwakasvibiswa uye chinhu chakasvibiswa chakasvibiswa, uye kubviswa kwetsvina kuri nyorewo. Sekureva kwemasimba akasiyana, kudenha kwepanyama kwetsvina kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvekushambadzira uye elektrostatic kushushikana.
A: Mechanic ADhisheni inonyanya kureva kuderedza yakasviba yakasimba seguruva uye sediment. Mechancal Dighsion inzira isina kusimba yekudzvanya yetsvina, iyo inogona kunge yabviswa nenzira dzakareruka maitiro. Nekudaro, kana saizi yeiyo tsvina idiki (<0.1um), zvakanyanyisa kubvisa.
B: Electrostatic Addion inonyanya kuratidzwa neakaitwa neyekubhadharwa tsvina zvimiti pazvinhu zvakapesana. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinyoronyoro zvinotakura zvisina kunaka mumvura uye zvinomhanyirwa zvakareruka zvakazara zvakapihwa tsvina senge lime. Vamwe tsvina, kunyangwe vakanaka vanopomedzerwa, vakadaro sebhoni dema mitezo mumvura, vakadaro neCa2 +, mg2 +, et 15
Static Magetsi yakasimba pane zvakareruka mechanika chiito, ichiita kuti zviome kubvisa tsvina.
Kubviswa kweiyo yakakosha tsvina
Protein, starch, mutumwa wevanhu, muto wemichero, teu yeti uye mamwe marudzi etsvina akaoma kubvisa nedzimba dzekupfeka uye dzinoda nzira dzakakosha dzekurapa.
Mapuroteni anoona sekirimu, mazai, ropa, mukaka, uye girazi reganda rinowanzo kuenderana neyakawirirana uye kudengenyeka pamazita, uye kuomerera zvakanyanya. Kune protein kunyengedzwa, puroveni inogona kushandiswa kuti ibvise. Iyo protezer inogona kuputsa mapuroteni mune tsvina mumvura-soluble amino acids kana oligoppeptides.
Starch Starins kazhinji kubva pakudya, nepo vamwe vakaita seyamwari yejusi, paste, etc. Starch enzymes vane hydrolysis yembiriso, vachiputsa starch mumasanga.
Lipase inogona kuunganidza kuora kweimwe triglycerides inonyanya kubvisa nzira dzemagungano, dzakadai seyemafuta emunhu, etc., kuputsa triglycerides muGlyculs uye mafuta ecids.
Mamwe madhiri emavara kubva pamuti wemichero, tii muto, ink, lipstick, etc. inowanzooma kunyatsochena kunyangwe mushure mekushambidzwa uku. Rudzi urwu rwena runogona kubviswa ne oxidation-yekudzikisa maitiro kana kuderedza vamiririri vakadaro seblech
Kubva pamaonero ekuchenesa akaoma, kune marudzi matatu ezvesvina.
① mafuta anokunyima mafuta anosanganisira mafuta akasiyana siyana uye mafuta, ayo ari mvura kana mafuta uye anokakavara mune yakaoma yekuchenesa sol.
② mvura inonyungudika mvura inonyura mumvura mhinduro, asi kusakwana munzvimbo dzakaoma yekuchenesa. Inoshambidza zvipfeko zvine chimiro chemhinduro yemhinduro, uye mushure mekunge mvura yemvura ichiputika, granular solids yakadai semalts, starch, mapuroteni, etc. mavara.
③ Mafuta emvura insoluble tsvina haina kujekesa mumvura nemvura uye yakaoma sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol, simbi dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakasiyana siyana simbi, uye oxides.
Nekuda kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzesimbi, pane nzira dzakasiyana dzekubvisa tsvina panguva yakaoma yekuchenesa maitiro. Mafuta anokunyima mafuta, akadai semhuka uye mafuta emiriwo, nemafuta emiriwo, uye mafuta, anonyudza mumifananidzo emashiripiti uye anogona kubviswa nyore panguva yekuchenesa yakaoma. Iyo yakanakisa solubility yekupisa yekuchenesa sol sol sol sol emafuta uye mafuta ndeyechokwadi nekuda kweVer der waals mauto pakati pemamorikisi.
Pakubviswa kweiyo tsvina yemvura yakadai semafuta emvura, shuga, mapuroteni, zvikaita kuti uwedzere huwandu hwekuchenesa hwemumiriri Asi mvura yakaoma kunyungudutswa mune yakaoma yekuchenesa vamiririri, saka kuti uwedzere huwandu hwemvura, surfacant inoda kuwedzerwa. Mvura iripo mune yakaoma yekuchenesa vamiriri inogona kuoma myrt Uye zvakare, apo surfachers gadzira micelles, tsvina yemvura ine mvura nemvura inogona kugadziriswa mumicelle. Surfact
Kuvapo kweimwe madiki emvura kunodiwa kubvisa tsvina yemvura, asi mvura yakawandisa inogona kukonzera dzimwe mbatya dzekuparadza, kupwanya, nezvimwewo zvemvura mune yakaoma mwero inofanira kunge iri mwero.
Solid svedzero dzakadai seAsh, dope, ivhu, uye kabhoni manyorerwo, kana kuomerera pane zvemafuta neyemagetsi adsorption kana nekusanganisa nemafuta. Mukuchenesa kwakaoma, kuyerera uye kukanganiswa kwemasosi anokwanisa kukonzeresa neyemagetsi mauto, zvichikonzera zvimedu zvakasungwa zvinokonzeresa nemafuta uye kuomerera kune zvipfeko kuti ubve kubva kune yakaoma yekuchenesa mumiririri wekuchenesa. Huwandu hushoma hwemvura uye surfers
(5) zvinhu zvinokanganisa yekugezesa maitiro
Iyo nzira yekubvumirana kwesuraditeni kune iyo surface uye kuderedzwa kweiyo nzvimbo (interfcial) kushushikana ndiyo nzira huru yekubviswa kwemvura kana kusimba kwakasimba. Asi iyo yekushambidza yekushambidza haina kuoma, uye kunyangwe iyo yekugezesa yemhando imwechete yerudzi rwezvekusimbisa inokanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira kusunganidzwa kweshanduro, tembiricha, chimiro chetsvina, rudzi rwemuti, uye chimiro chechimbamba.
① Kufunga kweSurfacts
Micellles of surfacts mumhinduro inotamba yakakosha basa mukuwachira. Kana iko kusangana kwasvika kune iyo micelle micelle yekuvhara (CMC), iyo yekugezesa mhedzisiro inowedzera zvakapinza. Naizvozvo, kusunganidzwa kwekudzora musimboti kunofanirwa kuve kwakakwirira kupfuura kweCMC kukosha kuitira kuti uwane yakanaka yekushambidza. Nekudaro, kana kusarongeka kweSurfaacts Kupfuura neCMC Kukosha, iyo yekushambidza kushambadzira inova yakakosha, uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya muzvisikwa zvekusimuka hazvina basa.
Paunenge uchishandisa Solubilization kubvisa mafuta emadhiraini, kunyangwe kana kusangana kuri pamusoro pekukosha kweCMC, iyo Solubidication mhedzisiro ichiri kuwedzera nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekuona surcentration. Panguva ino, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa destgent munharaunda, zvakadai sec cuffs uye madhiri ezvipfeko zvinowanikwa mune tsvina yakawanda. Paunenge uchigeza, dura rekushambadzira rinogona kuiswa pekutanga kugadzirisa iyo solubilization mhedzisiro ye surfactions pane oiri madhiri.
② Tembiricha ine kukosha kwakakosha pakuchenesa. Kuwedzera, kuwedzera tembiricha kunobatsira kubvisa tsvina, asi dzimwe nguva kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzerawo zvinhu zvakaoma.
Kuwedzera kwekudziya kunobatsira kune yakashata yetsvina. Solid oiri madhiri ari nyore nyore kana tembiricha iri pamusoro penzvimbo yavo yekunyungudika, uye machira anowedzerawo huwandu hwavo hwekuwedzera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa. Izvi zvinhu zvese zvinobatsira pakubviswa kwetsvina. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemicheka yakasimba, iyo micro mipendero pakati pemitsara yakaderedzwa mushure mekuwedzera fiber, iyo isiri kubereka kune kubviswa kwetsvina.
Shanduko yekudziya inokanganisawo iyo solubility, cmc kukosha, uye chiyero che micelle che surfacts, nekudaro zvichikanganisa iyo yekugezesa. Refu carbon keteni surfache vane vakaderera solubility pane yakadzika tembiricha, uye dzimwe nguva kutodzikisira solubility pane cmc kukosha. Mune ino kesi, tembiricha yekugezesa inofanira kunge yakawedzera nenzira kwayo. Mhedzisiro yekushisa pane cmc kukosha uye micelle size yakasiyana neindic uye isiri-ionic surasite. Kune ionic surfachants, kuwedzera kwekushisa kwakawanda kunotungamira mukuwedzera kweCMC kukosha uye kuderera muhukuru hwemicell. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusungwa kweSurfaers kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa mukushambidza mhinduro. Kune isiri-ionic surfachers, inowedzera tembiricha inotungamira kune kuderera kweCMC kukosha kwavo uye kuwedzera kwakakosha muhukuru hwavo hwemicelle. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti tembiricha yakawandisa inogona kubatsira isiri-ionic surfers Asi tembiricha haifanire kupfuura gore rayo.
Muchidimbu, iyo yakakodzera yekushambadzira tembiricha ine chekuita for formula yeiyo dema uye chinhu chiri kushambidzwa. Vamwe vanodzora vane mikana yakanaka yekuchenesa pamhepo tembiricha, nepo mamwe magadziriso ane zvakanyanyisa kuchenesa zvakakonzerwa nekushambidza uye kupisa kupisa.
③ foam
Vanhu vanowanzovhiringidza kugona kwekusimbisa nekugezesa, vachitenda kuti mafungiro ane simba rakasimba rekupenga simba rekushambidza zviri nani. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti iyo yekugezesa mhedzisiro haina hukama zvakananga nehuwandu hwehuputi. Semuenzaniso, kushandisa yakaderera inopupuma yekushambadzira yekugeza haina kushambadzira kushambadzira mari kune yakakwirira yekupupuma simba rekutsikisa.
Kunyangwe foam isina hukama zvakananga kugeza, foam ichiri kubatsira kubvisa tsvina mune mamwe mamiriro. Semuenzaniso, iyo foam yekushambidza mvura inogona kutakura mafuta anodonhedza paunenge uchigeza ndiro neruoko. Paunenge uchitsvaga kapeti, foam inogona zvakare kutora zvakare yakasimba tsvina zvidimbu seguruva. Dust maakaundi kune yakakura chikamu chekusveta kapeti, saka carpet yekushambidza inofanirwa kuve neyakafunga kupfava.
Simba rekupupa rakakoshawo kuti Shampoo. Foam yakanaka yakagadzirwa nemvura kana ichipera bvudzi kana kugeza kunoita kuti vanhu vanzwe vakasununguka.
④ Mhando dzechisimba uye dzimba dzenyama dzezvinyorwa
Pamusoro pechigadzirwa chemakemikari ezvemakemikari zvinokanganisa kudenha uye kubviswa kwetsvina, kutaridzika kwemachira uye chimiro chesangano chemagetsi uye machira ane chekuita nekuomerwa kwekubvisa tsvina.
Zviyero zve mvere dzemabhodhi uye iyo flat strip kunge chimiro chekotoni machira anowedzera kuunganidza tsvina pane tsvina yakatsvedza. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni nhema yakaomerera cellulose firimu (iyo firimu) iri nyore kubvisa, nepo kabhoni dema yakaomerera kumucheka wekotoni zvakaoma kugeza. Semuenzaniso, Polyester mapfupi fiber film Fabrics anowedzera kuunganidza mafuta pane marara fiber famics, uye mafuta emachira emicheka fiber akaomesesa kubvisa pane izvo pamichero refu fiber.
Yakamonyanisa yarns uye machira akasimba, nekuda kwemakwenzi madiki micro pakati pemitsara, anogona kudzivirirawo mhinduro yekuchenesa kubva pakubvisa tsvina yemukati. Naizvozvo, machira akasimba ane simba rakanaka rekusviba pakutanga, asi zvakare zvakaoma kuchenesa kamwechete zvakasvibiswa.
⑤ Kuomesa kwemvura
Kusungwa kwesimbi ion se ca2 + uye mg2 + mumvura ine simba rekushambadzira, rionic surce Kunyangwe kusarongeka kwesurachinja yakakwira mumvura yakaoma, kugadzikana kwavo kuchenesa kuchine chakaipisisa kupfuura mukutora. Kuti uwane iyo yakanakisa yekushambidza kwemhedzisiro yeSurfaers Izvi zvinoda kuwedzera zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyoro nyoro kune iyo destgent.
Kutumira Nguva: Aug-16-2024