1. Kushushikana kwepamusoro
Simba rekumanisa pahurefu hweyuniti pamusoro pemvura inodaidzwa kuti tension yepasi, inopimwa neN • m-1.
2. Surface chiitiko uye surfactant
Iyo pfuma inogona kuderedza tension yepasi yezvinonyungudutsa inodaidzwa kunzi chiitiko chepamusoro, uye zvinhu zvine basa repamusoro zvinodaidzwa kunzi surface active substance.
Surfactant inoreva pamusoro pezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinogona kuumba micelles uye zvimwe zvakaunganidzwa mune aqueous mhinduro, zvine yakakwirira pamusoro pekuita basa, uye zvakare kuve nekunyorova, emulsifying, kupupa furo, kugeza, uye mamwe mabasa.
3. Molecular structural maitiro e surfactant
Surfactant ma organic komisheni ane akakosha zvimiro uye zvimiro zvinogona kushandura zvakanyanya kusawirirana kwechiso pakati pezvikamu zviviri kana kusimba kwezvinwiwa (kazhinji mvura), uye zvine zvimiro zvakaita sekunyorova, kupupa furo, emulsification, uye kugeza.
Nekutaura kwemaitiro, ma surfactants anogovana hunhu hwakafanana hwekuve nemapoka maviri akasiyana anoshanda mumamorekuru avo. Imwe magumo iboka rakareba-rekare risiri-polar rinonyungudika mumafuta asi risinganyunguriki mumvura, rinozivikanwa seboka re hydrophobic kana boka re hydrophobic. Aya mapoka e-hydrophobic kazhinji akareba-chain hydrocarbons, dzimwe nguva zvakare organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, organotin cheni, etc. Mumwe mugumo iboka rinonyunguduka rinoita basa remvura, kureva boka re hydrophilic kana boka re hydrophilic. Iro hydrophilic boka rinofanira kunge riine hydrophilicity yakakwana kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti iyo yese surfactant inonyungudika mumvura uye ine inodiwa solubility. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwe hydrophilic uye hydrophobic mapoka mune surfactants, anogona kunyungudika mune inokwana chikamu chimwe chechikamu chemvura. Iyo hydrophilic uye oleophilic zvimiro zveva surfactants zvinonzi amphiphilicity.
4.Types of surfactants
Masurfactants maamphiphilic molecules ane ese ari maviri hydrophobic uye hydrophilic mapoka. Mapoka ehydrophobic eva surfactants anowanzo kuumbwa nema hydrocarbon akareba, senge alkyl C8-C20 yakatwasuka, branched chain alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (ine 8-16 alkyyl carbon atomu), nezvimwewo. Musiyano mumapoka ehydrophobic anonyanya kuve mukuchinja kwekabhoni, kune kabhoni mutsauko mamwe marudzi e hydrophilic mapoka. Naizvozvo, zvimiro zveva surfactants zvinonyanya kuenderana nemapoka e hydrophilic mukuwedzera kune saizi uye chimiro che hydrophobic mapoka. Kuchinja kwemaitiro emapoka e-hydrophilic akakura kupfuura emapoka e-hydrophobic, saka kupatsanurwa kwema surfactants kunowanzo kuenderana nechimiro chemapoka emahydrophilic. Uku kupatsanurwa kunonyanya kuenderana nekuti mapoka e hydrophilic ari ionic, achiapatsanura kuita anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, uye mamwe akakosha marudzi evano surfactants.
5. Hunhu hwe surfactant aqueous solution
① Adsorption yeva surfactants panzvimbo dzekusangana
Surfactant mamorekuru ane lipophilic uye hydrophilic mapoka, achiaita amphiphilic molecules. Mvura imvura ine polar yakasimba. Kana ma surfactants anonyungudika mumvura, maererano nemusimboti wekufanana kwepolarity uye polarity musiyano repulsion, mapoka avo e hydrophilic anokwezvwa kuchikamu chemvura uye anonyungudika mumvura, nepo mapoka avo epophilic achidzinga mvura uye osiya mvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ma surfactant molecules (kana ions) adsorb painterface pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, zvichideredza kusawirirana kwechiso pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi. Iyo yakawanda surfactant mamorekuru (kana ions) anoshambadzirwa pane iyo interface, kunowedzera kuderera kwekunetsana kwechiso.
② Zvimwe zve adsorption membrane
Surface pressure yeadsorption membrane: Surfactants adsorb pagasi-liquid interface kuti igadzire adsorption membrane. Kana ndiro inoyangarara isina kukweshwa ikaiswa pachiratidziro uye ndiro inoyangarara ikasundira adsorption membrane parutivi rwemhinduro, membrane inomanikidza ndiro inoyangarara, inodaidzwa kunzi pressure pressure.
Surface viscosity: Kufanana nekumanikidza kwepamusoro, kutaridzika kwepamusoro inzvimbo inoratidzwa neasingaverengeki mamorekuru mafirimu. Simbisa mhete yeplatinamu netambo yakaonda yesimbi, ita kuti ndege yayo ibatane nepamusoro pemvura yekunyura, tenderedza mhete yeplatinamu, mhete yeplatinamu inodzivirirwa neiyo viscosity yemvura, uye amplitude inoderera zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichienderana nekuti iyo viscosity yepamusoro inogona kuyerwa. Nzira yacho ndeiyi: tanga kuitisa zviedzo pamvura yakachena, kuyera amplitude attenuation, wobva wayera attenuation mushure mekugadzirwa kwechiso chechiso chepamusoro, uye kuverenga viscosity yechiso chepamusoro kubva pamusiyano pakati pezviviri.
Iyo yepamusoro viscosity yakabatana zvakanyanya nekusimba kwechiso chechiso chepamusoro. Sezvo iyo adsorption firimu ine pamusoro pekumanikidza uye viscosity, inofanirwa kuve elastic. Iyo yakakwirira yekumanikidza kwepamusoro uye viscosity yeiyo adsorption membrane, iyo yakakura yayo elastic modulus. Iyo elastic modulus yepasi adsorption firimu ine kukosha kukuru mukuita kwekudzikamisa furo.
③ Kugadzira micelles
Iyo dilute solution yeva surfactants inotevera mitemo yeakanaka mhinduro. Iyo adsorption yehuwandu hwemasurfactants pamusoro pemhinduro inowedzera nekusangana kwemhinduro. Kana iyo yekusungwa inosvika kana kupfuura imwe kukosha, iyo adsorption huwandu haichawedzeri. Aya akawandisa surfactant mamorekuru mune mhinduro haana kurongeka kana kuvepo nenzira yenguva dzose. Zvose maitiro uye dzidziso zvakaratidza kuti zvinoumba aggregates mumhinduro, iyo inonzi micelles.
Critical micelle concentration: Iyo shoma yekuisa iyo surfactants inoumba micelles mune mhinduro inonzi yakakosha micelle concentration.
④ Iko kukosha kweCMC yeakajairika surfactant.
6. Hydrophilic uye oleophilic equilibrium value
HLB inomirira hydrophilic lipophilic balance, iyo inomiririra hydrophilic uye lipophilic equilibrium values eiyo hydrophilic uye lipophilic mapoka eanenge ari surfactant, kureva kukosha kweHLB kweanodarika. Iyo yakakwirira yeHLB kukosha inoratidza yakasimba hydrophilicity uye isina simba lipophilicity yemorekuru; Pane zvinopesana, ine lipophilicity yakasimba uye isina simba hydrophilicity.
① Mitemo paHLB Kukosha
Nhamba yeHLB inokosha, saka pakugadzirisa kukosha kweHLB, sechiyero, iyo HLB inokosha yeparafini isina hydrophilic properties inoiswa ku 0, nepo HLB inokosha ye sodium dodecyl sulfate ine simba rekugadzirisa mvura inogadziriswa kusvika ku 40. Nokudaro, kukosha kweHLB yevashambadziri kazhinji mukati mehuwandu hwe1-40. Kazhinji kutaura, emulsifiers ane HLB makoshe ari pasi pegumi ane lipophilic, nepo emulsifiers ane HLB hunhu hunodarika gumi ari hydrophilic. Naizvozvo, shanduko kubva ku lipophilicity kuenda ku hydrophilicity ingangoita gumi.
7. Emulsification uye solubilization migumisiro
Zvinwiwa zviviri zvisingagoneki, imwe inoumbwa nekuparadzira zvidimbu (madonhwe kana makristasi emvura) mune imwe, inonzi emulsions. Paunenge uchigadzira emulsion, nzvimbo yepakati pakati pezvinwiwa zviviri inowedzera, zvichiita kuti sisitimu ye thermodynamically isagadzikane. Kuti ugadzikane emulsion, chikamu chechitatu - emulsifier - inoda kuwedzerwa kuderedza interfacial simba rehurongwa. Maemulsifiers ndeaya anoita ma surfactants, uye basa rawo guru nderekuita sema emulsifiers. Nhanho umo madonhwe aripo mu emulsion inonzi chikamu chakapararira (kana chikamu chemukati, discontinuous phase), uye imwe nhanho yakabatana pamwe chete inonzi yakapararira yepakati (kana yekunze chikamu, inoenderera chikamu).
① Emulsifiers uye emulsions
Emulsions yakajairika inoumbwa nechikamu chimwe chemvura kana mhinduro yemvura, uye imwe nhanho yezvakagadzirwa zvakasanganiswa nemvura, zvakadai semafuta, wax, etc. Emulsion inoumbwa nemvura nemafuta inogona kugoverwa kuva marudzi maviri zvichienderana nekupararira kwavo: mafuta akapararira mumvura anoumba mvura mumafuta emulsion, inomiririrwa neO / W (mafuta / W) mvura yakapararira mumafuta inoumba mvura mumafuta emulsion, inomiririrwa neW / O (mvura / mafuta). Mukuwedzera, mvura yakaoma mumafuta mumvura W / O / W uye mafuta mumvura mumafuta O / W / O emulsions inogonawo kuumba.
Iyo emulsifier inodzikamisa emulsion nekudzikisa kushushikana kwechiso uye kugadzira monolayer kumeso mask.
Zvinodiwa zve emulsifiers mu emulsification: a: emulsifiers anofanirwa kukwanisa kushambadza kana kupfumisa pakusangana pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, kuderedza kushushikana kwechiso; b: Emulsifiers anofanirwa kupa zvimedu kuchaja kwemagetsi, zvichikonzera kudzongonyedzwa kwemagetsi pakati pezvimedu kana kugadzira firimu rakagadzika, rinotaridzika zvakanyanya rinodzivirira rakatenderedza zvimedu. Saka, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa se emulsifiers zvinofanirwa kunge zvine amphiphilic mapoka kuti zvive nemhedzisiro yekumisikidza, uye ma surfactants anogona kuita ichi chinodiwa.
② Kugadzirira nzira dze emulsion uye zvinhu zvinokanganisa emulsion kugadzikana
Kune nzira mbiri dzekugadzirira emulsions: imwe ndeyokushandisa nzira dzemagetsi kuparadzira mvura muzvikamu zviduku mune imwe mvura, iyo inowanzoshandiswa mumaindasitiri kugadzirira emulsions; Imwe nzira ndeyekunyungudutsa mvura mune imwe molecule mune imwe mvura uye wozoibvumira kuti iunganidze zvakakodzera kuti iite emulsion.
Iko kugadzikana kwema emulsions kunoreva kugona kwavo kuramba particle aggregation uye kukonzera kuparadzaniswa kwechikamu. Emulsions ndiyo thermodynamically isina kugadzikana masisitimu ane akakosha emahara simba. Naizvozvo, kugadzikana kwe emulsion kunoreva nguva inodiwa kuti sisitimu isvike pakuenzana, ndiko kuti, nguva inodiwa kuti mvura iri muhurongwa iparadzane.
Kana paine polar organic molecules senge fatty alcohol, fatty acid uye fatty amine mune kumeso mask, simba re membrane rinowedzera zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti emulsifier mamorekuru ari muinterface adsorption layer anopindirana nemapolar molecules sedoro, asidhi uye amine kugadzira "complex", iyo inowedzera simba reiyo interface kumeso mask.
Emulsifiers inoumbwa nevaviri kana kupfuura surfactants inonzi yakasanganiswa emulsifiers. Mixed emulsifiers adsorb pamvura / mafuta interface, uye intermolecular kupindirana kunogona kuumba complexes. Nekuda kwekubatana kwakasimba kweintermolecular, iyo interfacial tension yakadzikira zvakanyanya, huwandu hweemulsifier adsorbed pane iyo interface inowedzera zvakanyanya, uye kuwanda uye kusimba kweakaumbwa emeso maski kumeso anowedzera.
Kubhadharisa madonhwe kune zvakakosha pakugadzikana kwemulsions. Emulsions yakagadzikana inowanzova nemadonhwe ane magetsi emagetsi. Paunenge uchishandisa ionic emulsifiers, iyo emulsifier ions inoshambadza pane iyo interface inoisa lipophilic mapoka avo muchikamu chemafuta, nepo mapoka e hydrophilic ari muchikamu chemvura, nekudaro achiita madonhwe achaja. Pamusana pekuti madonhwe emulsion anotakura mutero wakafanana, anorambana uye haasi nyore kusanganiswa, zvichiita kuti kuwedzere kugadzikana. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti iyo yakawanda emulsifier ions yakashambadzirwa pamadonhwe, iyo yakakura kuchaja kwavo, uye yakakura kugona kwavo kudzivirira madonhwe coalescence, zvichiita kuti emulsion system igadzikane.
Iyo viscosity ye emulsion dispersion medium ine chimwe chinokanganisa pakugadzikana kwemulsion. Kazhinji, iyo yakakwira viscosity yepakati inoparadzira, inowedzera kugadzikana kweemulsion. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti viscosity yepakati yekuparadzira yakakwira, iyo inodzivirira zvakanyanya kufamba kweBrownian kwemadonhwe emvura, inoderedza kudhumhana pakati pemadonhwe, uye inochengetedza sisitimu yakagadzikana. Polymer zvinhu zvinowanzonyungudika muma emulsion zvinogona kuwedzera viscosity yehurongwa uye kuwedzera kugadzikana kweemulsion. Uye zvakare, iyo polymer inogona zvakare kuumba yakasimba interface kumeso mask, ichiita iyo emulsion system kugadzikana.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzera poda yakasimba kunogonawo kudzikamisa emulsion. Hupfu hwakasimba hausi mumvura, mafuta kana pachiratidziro, zvichienderana nekunyorova kwemafuta nemvura pahupfu hwakasimba. Kana hupfu hwakasimba husina kunyatsonyoroveswa nemvura uye hunogona kunyoroveswa nemafuta, hucharamba huri pamvura yemafuta interface.
Chikonzero nei hupfu hwakasimba husingagadzikane emulsion ndeyokuti poda yakaunganidzwa pamusangano haisimbisi chimiro chechiso chechiso, iyo yakafanana neyo interface adsorption emulsifier molecules. Naizvozvo, iyo padhuze iyo yakasimba poda particles inorongwa pane iyo interface, iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana iyo emulsion ichave.
Masurfactants ane simba rekuwedzera zvakanyanya kunyungudika kweorganic compounds isinganyunguriki kana kunyungudika zvishoma mumvura mushure mekugadzira micelles mune aqueous solution, uye mhinduro yacho iri pachena panguva ino. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemicelles zvinonzi solubilization. Masurfactants anogona kugadzira solubilizing mhedzisiro anonzi solubilizers, uye organic komisheni iyo yakanyungudika inonzi solubilized makomisheni.
8. Furo
Foam inobata basa rinokosha pakushambidza. Foam (Foam) zvinoreva nzira yekuparadzira iyo gasi rinoparadzirwa mumvura kana kuti yakasimba. Gasi ndiyo chikamu chekuparadzira, uye mvura kana kuti yakasimba ndiyo nzira yekuparadzira. Yekutanga inonzi furo remvura, nepo rekupedzisira richinzi furo rakasimba, senge purasitiki yefoam, foam glass, foam simenti, nezvimwe.
(1) Kugadzirwa kwefuro
Furo pano rinoreva kuunganidzwa kwemafuru akapatsanurwa nefirimu remvura. Nekuda kwemusiyano mukuru mukuwanda pakati pechikamu chakaparadzirwa (gasi) uye yakapararira yepakati (mvura), uye yakaderera viscosity yemvura, furo rinogona kugara richikwira kusvika padanho remvura nekukurumidza.
Iyo nzira yekuumba furo ndeyekuunza huwandu hukuru hwegasi mukati memvura, uye mabhuru ari mumvura anodzokera kunzvimbo yemvura nekukurumidza, achigadzira bubble aggregate yakaparadzaniswa nediki diki remvura uye gasi.
Furo rine hunhu huviri hunoshamisa mumorphology: imwe ndeyekuti mabubbles sechikamu chakapararira anowanzo polyhedral, nekuti pamharadzano yemabhuru, pane katsika kekuti firimu remvura riite mutete, zvichiita kuti mabubbles ave polyhedral. Apo iyo firimu yemvura inova yakaonda kune imwe nhanho, mabhubhu achaputika; Chechipiri, mvura yakachena haigoni kuita furo rakagadzikana, asi mvura inogona kuumba furo inokwana zvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura. Iyo aqueous solution ye surfactant ndeye yakajairwa sisitimu iri nyore kugadzira furo, uye kugona kwayo kuburitsa furo kune hukamawo nezvimwe zvivakwa.
Masurfactants ane hunyanzvi hwekupupa furo anodaidzwa kuti foaming agents. Kunyange zvazvo iyo inoputika ine simba rakanaka rekuputira, iyo yakaumbwa furo inogona kusakwanisa kuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba, kureva kuti, kugadzikana kwayo kunogona kunge kusina kunaka. Kuti uchengetedze kugadzikana kwefuro, chinhu chinogona kuwedzera kugadzikana kwefuro chinowanzowedzerwa kune inopupuma agent, iyo inonzi foam stabilizer. Anowanzo shandiswa foam stabilizers is lauroyl diethanolamine uye dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Kugadzikana kwefuro
Foam is thermodynamically unstable system, uye chimiro chekupedzisira ndechekuti nzvimbo yese yemvura iri musystem inodzikira uye simba remahara rinodzikira mushure mekuputika kwebubble. Iyo defoaming process ndiyo nzira iyo iyo firimu remvura rinoparadzanisa gasi rinochinja ukobvu kusvika raputika. Naizvozvo, kugadzikana kwefuro kunonyanya kutariswa nekumhanya kwekuyerera kwemvura uye kusimba kwefirimu remvura. Pane zvimwe zvakawanda zvinofurira.
① Kushushikana kwepamusoro
Kubva pane simba rekuona, kushomeka kwepasi kunonyanya kufarirwa pakuumbwa kwefuro, asi haigone kuvimbisa kugadzikana kwefuro. Kudzika kwepasi tension, kuderera kwemusiyano, kunonoka kubuda kwemvura kumhanya, uye kunonoka kwemvura firimu kutetepa kunokonzeresa kugadzikana kwefuro.
② Surface viscosity
Chinhu chakakosha chinotaridza kugadzikana kwefuro isimba reiyo firimu remvura, iro rinonyanya kutariswa nekusimba kweiyo yepamusoro adsorption firimu, inoyerwa nepamusoro viscosity. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti furo rinogadzirwa nemushonga wepamusoro viscosity rine hupenyu hurefu. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kudyidzana pakati peadsorbed mamorekuru ari pamusoro anotungamira mukuwedzera kwesimba re membrane, nekudaro kunatsiridza hupenyu hwefuro.
③ Solution viscosity
Kana iyo viscosity yemvura pachayo inowedzera, mvura iri mufirimu yemvura haisi nyore kubudiswa, uye kukurumidza kwemvura firimu ukobvu kuonda kunononoka, izvo zvinononoka nguva yekuputika kwefirimu yemvura uye inowedzera kugadzikana kwefuro.
④ Iyo 'kugadzirisa' mhedzisiro yekushushikana kwepasi
Masurfactants adsorbed pamusoro peiyo firimu remvura ane simba rekuramba kuwedzera kana kuputika kweiyo yemvura firimu pamusoro, iyo yatinoti inogadzirisa maitiro. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kune firimu remvura rema surfactants adsorbed pamusoro, uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yaro inoderedza kuwanda kwemamorekuru adsorbed uye kuwedzera kushushikana kwepasi. Kuwedzera kuwedzera nzvimbo kunoda kushanda nesimba. Sezvineiwo, nzvimbo yepasi shrinkage inowedzera kuwanda kwema adsorbed mamorekuru pamusoro, kuderedza kushushikana kwepasi uye kutadzisa kuwedzera shrinkage.
⑤ Kupararira kwegasi kuburikidza nefirimu remvura
Nekuda kwekuvapo kwecapillary pressure, dzvinyiriro yemabhuru madiki mufuro yakakwira kupfuura iyo yemabhuru madiki, izvo zvinozoita kuti gasi riri mumabhururu madiki ripararire mumabhuru makuru epasi-pressure kuburikidza nefirimu remvura, zvichikonzera chiitiko chekuti mabhuru madiki anova madiki, mabhuru makuru anove akakura, uye pakupedzisira furo rinoputika. Kana surfactant yakawedzerwa, furo richava yunifomu uye gobvu kana ichipupuma, uye hazvisi nyore kubvisa foamer. Sezvo iyo surfactant yakanyatso kurongeka pane yemvura firimu, inonetsa kufefetera, izvo zvinoita kuti furo rigadzikane.
⑥ Kurudziro yekuchaja kwepasi
Kana iyo furo liquid firimu inopomerwa nechiratidzo chimwechete, nzvimbo mbiri dzefirimu yemvura inodzingirirana, kudzivirira firimu remvura kubva pakutetepa kana kuparadzwa. Ionic surfactants inogona kupa iyi inodzikamisa maitiro.
Mukupedzisa, kusimba kwefirimu remvura ndicho chinhu chakakosha kuona kugadzikana kwefuro. Sezvinoita surfactant yeanopupa maajenti uye foam stabilizer, kusimba uye kusimba kwemamorekuru adsorbed epamusoro ndizvo zvakakosha zvinhu. Kana kupindirana pakati peadsorbed molecules pamusoro pepamusoro kwakasimba, mamorekuru adsorbed akanyatso kurongeka, izvo zvisingaite chete kuti kumeso kwemaski pachayo kuve nesimba rakawanda, asi zvakare kunoita kuti mhinduro iri padyo nechiso chechiso chiome kuyerera nekuda kwekukwira kwepamusoro viscosity, saka zvinonetsa kuti firimu remvura ribude, uye ukobvu hwekuchengetedza firimu remvura. Pamusoro pezvo, mamorekuru akanyatsorongedzerwa epamusoro anogona zvakare kuderedza kupenya kwemamorekuru egasi uye nekudaro kuwedzera kugadzikana kwefuro.
(3) Kuparadzwa kwefuro
Nheyo yakakosha yekuparadza furo ndeyekuchinja mamiriro ekugadzira furo kana kubvisa kugadzikana kwezvinhu zvefuro, saka kune nzira mbiri dzekubvisa furo, yemuviri uye kemikari.
Physical defoaming ndeye kushandura mamiriro ayo furo rinogadzirwa uku uchichengetedza kemikari yefoam solution isingachinji. Semuenzaniso, kukanganisa kwekunze kwesimba, tembiricha kana kudzvanywa shanduko uye kurapwa kwe ultrasonic dzese nzira dzinoshanda dzemuviri dzekubvisa furo.
Iyo kemikari yekubvisa furo nzira ndeyekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvibatane neanopupa, kuderedza simba remvura firimu mufuro, uyezve kuderedza kugadzikana kwefuro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa furo. Zvinhu zvakadai zvinonzi defoamers. Mazhinji ma defoamers ma surfactants. Naizvozvo, zvinoenderana nemagadzirirwo ekubvisa furo, defoamers anofanirwa kuve nekugona kwakasimba kudzikisa tension yepasi, kuve nyore adsorbed pamusoro pepamusoro, uye kuve nekudyidzana kusina kusimba pakati pepamusoro adsorbed mamorekuru, zvichikonzera kurongeka kwakasununguka kurongeka kwemamorekuru adsorbed.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana e defoamers, asi anonyanya kunge asiri-ionic surfactants. Non ionic surfactants ine anti foaming properties padyo kana pamusoro pegore ravo uye inowanzoshandiswa se defoamers. Doro, kunyanya avo vane mapazi ekugadzirisa, mafuta acids uye esters, polyamides, phosphates, silicone oiri, nezvimwewo, inowanzoshandiswa seyakanakisa defoamers.
(4) Furo nekugeza
Iko hakuna hukama hwakananga pakati pefuro uye yekuwachisa maitiro, uye kuwanda kwefuro hakureve kuti iyo yekugezesa mhedzisiro yakanaka kana yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, kuita kupupa kwevasiri-ionic surfactants kwakaderera kune sipo, asi simba ravo rekuchenesa riri nani kupfuura sipo.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, furo rinobatsira pakubvisa tsvina. Semuenzaniso, pakugeza tableware kumba, furo re detergent rinogona kubvisa madonhwe emafuta akashambidzwa; Pakukwesha kapeti, furo rinobatsira kubvisa tsvina yakasimba sehuruva nehupfu. Mukuwedzera, furo dzimwe nguva rinogona kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekuti detergent inoshanda here, nokuti mavara emafuta ane mafuta anogona kuvharidzira furo ye detergent. Kana kuine mavara emafuta akawandisa uye detergent yakawandisa, hapazove nefuro kana furo rekutanga richanyangarika. Dzimwe nguva, furo rinogonawo kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekuti rinsing yakachena. Nekuti huwandu hwefuro mumhinduro yekusuka hunoita kudzikira nekudzikira kwemukati we detergent, dhigirii rekusuka rinogona kuongororwa nehuwandu hwefuro.
9. Washing process
Mupfungwa yakafara, kugeza inzira yokubvisa zvinhu zvisingadiwi pachinhu chiri kugezeswa uye kuita chimwe chinangwa. Kugeza nenzira yenguva dzose zvinoreva nzira yekubvisa tsvina pamusoro pemutakuri. Panguva yekugeza, kupindirana pakati petsvina uye mutakuri kunopera simba kana kubviswa kuburikidza nekuita kwemamwe makemikari zvinhu (senge detergents), kushandura musanganiswa wetsvina uye mutakuri musanganiswa wetsvina uye detergent, pakupedzisira zvichiita kuti tsvina uye mutakuri abvise. Sezvo zvinhu zvinofanira kushambidzwa uye tsvina inofanira kubviswa zvakasiyana-siyana, kushambidza inzira yakaoma zvikuru, uye nzira yekutanga yekugeza inogona kumiririrwa nehukama hunotevera huri nyore.
Mutakuri • Tsvina+Detergent=Mutakuri+Utsvina • Detergent
Nzira yekugeza inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: imwe ndeyekuparadzaniswa kwetsvina uye mutakuri wayo pasi pechiito che detergent; Chechipiri ndechokuti tsvina yakavharwa inoparadzirwa uye inomiswa mukati. Kuwacha inzira inodzorereka, uye tsvina inenge yaparadzirwa kana kuturikwa pakati inogonawo kunaya kubva pakati ichienda pakuwacha mbatya. Naizvozvo, yekugezesa yakanakisa haifanirwe kungove nekugona kubvisa tsvina kubva kune inotakura, asi zvakare kuve nekwaniso yakanaka yekuparadzira nekumisa tsvina, uye kudzivirira tsvina kuti isaise zvakare.
(1) Mhando dzetsvina
Kunyangwe kune chinhu chimwe chete, mhando, kuumbwa, uye huwandu hwetsvina zvichasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekushandisa. Tsvina yemuviri wemafuta inonyanya kusanganisira mafuta emhuka nemiriwo, pamwe chete nemafuta emaminerari (akadai semafuta asina kuchena, mafuta emafuta, marasha tara, nezvimwewo), nepo tsvina yakasimba inonyanya kusanganisira utsi, guruva, ngura, carbon black, etc. Panyaya yetsvina yezvipfeko, kune tsvina inobva mumuviri womunhu, zvakadai sedikita, sebum, ropa, nezvimwewo; Tsvina kubva pakudya, senge michero tsvina, mafuta anodyika mavara, zvinonhuwira, starch, nezvimwe; Tsvina inounzwa nezvizoro, zvakadai selipstick nenail polish; Tsvina inobva mumhepo, seutsi, huruva, ivhu, nezvimwe; Zvimwe zvinhu zvakadai seinki, tii, pendi, etc. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana uye akasiyana.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzetsvina dzinowanzo kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: tsvina yakasimba, tsvina yemvura, uye tsvina yakakosha.
① Yakajairika tsvina yakasimba inosanganisira zvimedu zvakaita sedota, madhaka, ivhu, ngura, uye kabhoni dema. Zvizhinji zvezvimedu izvi zvine kuchaji kwepamusoro, kazhinji zvisina kunaka, uye zviri nyore kushambadza pazvinhu zvine fibrous. Kazhinji, tsvina yakasimba yakaoma kunyungudika mumvura, asi inogona kuparadzirwa uye kumiswa ne detergent solutions. Tsvina yakasimba ine tunhu tudiki inonetsa kubvisa.
② Tsvina yemvura inowanzonyungudika neoiri, kusanganisira mafuta emhuka nemiriwo, mafuta acids, mafuta ane doro, zvicherwa zvemafuta, uye maokisi awo. Pakati pavo, mafuta emhuka nemiriwo uye mafuta acids anogona kupinda saponification nealkali, nepo mafuta anodhaka nemafuta emamineral haana saponified nealkali, asi anogona kunyungudika mudoro, ethers, uye hydrocarbon organic solvents, uye kuve emulsified uye kuparadzirwa ne detergent aqueous solutions. Oiri inonyungudika yemvura tsvina kazhinji ine simba rekudyidzana rakasimba nezvinhu zvine fibrous uye adsorbs zvakasimba pane fiber.
③ Tsvina yakasarudzika inosanganisira mapuroteni, starch, ropa, zvakavanzika zvevanhu zvakaita sedikita, sebum, weti, pamwe nemuto wemichero, muto wetii, nezvimwewo. Mazhinji emhando idzi dzetsvina anogona kunyudza zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvine fibrous kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari. Nokudaro, kuigeza kwakaoma zvikuru.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzetsvina hadziwanzovepo dziri dzoga, dzinowanzosanganiswa pamwe chete uye dzinoshongedzwa pamwechete pazvinhu. Tsvina dzimwe nguva inogona kuita oxidize, kuora, kana kuora pasi pesimba rekunze, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwetsvina itsva.
(2) The adhesion effect yetsvina
Chikonzero nei zvipfeko, maoko, nezvimwewo zvichigona kusvibiswa imhaka yekuti pane imwe mhando yekudyidzana pakati pezvinhu netsvina. Kune akasiyana-siyana adhesion mhedzisiro yetsvina pazvinhu, asi ivo vanonyanya kunamatira kwemuviri uye makemikari adhesion.
① Iko kunamira kwemuviri kwedota refodya, guruva, sediment, kabhoni nhema, uye zvimwe zvinhu pazvipfeko. Kazhinji kutaura, kudyidzana pakati petsvina yakanamatira uye chinhu chakasvibiswa haina kusimba, uye kubviswa kwetsvina zvakare kuri nyore. Zvinoenderana neakasiyana masimba, kunamatira kwemuviri kwetsvina kunogona kupatsanurwa kuita mechanical adhesion uye electrostatic adhesion.
A: Mechanical adhesion inonyanya kureva kunamatira kwetsvina yakasimba senge guruva uye sediment. Mechanical adhesion inzira isina kusimba yekunamatira yetsvina, inogona kuda kubviswa nenzira dzakareruka dzemuchina. Zvakadaro, kana saizi yetsvina idiki (<0.1um), zvinonyanya kunetsa kubvisa.
B: Electrostatic adhesion inonyanya kuratidzwa nekuita kwekuchajiswa tsvina zvidimbu pazvinhu zvine mhosva dzinopesana. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvine fibrous zvinotakura chaji isina kunaka mumvura uye zvinobatika zviri nyore netsvina ine chaji yakaita se lime. Imwe tsvina, kunyange iine mhosva yakaipa, yakadai se carbon black particles mu aqueous solutions, inogona kunamatira kune fiber kuburikidza neion mabhiriji anoumbwa neayoni akanaka (akadai seCa2 +, Mg2 +, nezvimwewo) mumvura (ions inoshanda pamwe chete pakati pemhosva dzakawanda dzakapesana, dzichiita semabhiriji).
Simba remagetsi rakasimba kudarika mashandiro ari nyore kuita, zvichiita kuti zviome kubvisa tsvina.
③ Kubviswa kwetsvina yakakosha
Protein, starch, secretions yevanhu, muto wemichero, muto wetii nemamwe marudzi etsvina zvinonetsa kubvisa ne general surfactants uye zvinoda nzira dzekurapa dzakakosha.
Maprotein stains akadai sekrimu, mazai, ropa, mukaka, uye ganda excreta zvinowanzoita coagulation uye denaturation pamafibers, uye anonamatira zvakanyanya. Nekusvibisa mapuroteni, protease inogona kushandiswa kuibvisa. Iyo protease inogona kuputsa mapuroteni mutsvina kuita mumvura-inonyungudika amino acids kana oligopeptides.
Starch mavara anonyanya kuuya kubva mukudya, nepo mamwe akadai semito yenyama, paste, etc. Starch enzymes ine catalytic effect pa hydrolysis ye starch stains, kuputsa sitachi kuita shuga.
Lipase inogona kukonzeresa kuparara kwemamwe triglycerides anonetsa kubvisa nenzira dzakajairika, sebum inovanzwa nemuviri wemunhu, mafuta anodyika, nezvimwewo, kuputsa triglycerides kuita soluble glycerol uye mafuta acids.
Mamwe mavara ane mavara kubva mujusi yemuchero, muto wetii, inki, lipstick, nezvimwe zvinowanzonetsa kunyatso kuchenesa kunyangwe mushure mekugezwa kakawanda. Rudzi urwu rwemavara runogona kubviswa neoxidation-reduction reactions uchishandisa oxidants kana zvinoderedza maajenti senge bleach, izvo zvinoputsa chimiro che chromophore kana chromophore mapoka uye kudzikisira kuita diki diki-soluble components.
Kubva pakuona kwekucheneswa kwakaoma, kune angangoita matatu marudzi etsvina.
① Oiri inonyungudika tsvina inosanganisira akasiyana oiri nemafuta, ari mvura kana girisi uye anonyungudika mukuwomesa ekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa.
② Mvura inonyungudika tsvina inonyungudika muine aqueous solution, asi isinganyunguriki mumidziyo yakaoma yekuchenesa. Inoshambadza pazvipfeko muchimiro chemushonga wemvura, uye mushure mekunge mvura yanyungudika, zvinyoro zvinyoro zvakaita seinorganic munyu, starch, mapuroteni, nezvimwe zvinonaya.
③ Mafuta emvura isinganyunguriki tsvina hainyungudika mumvura uye yakaoma yekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa, senge kabhoni dema, akasiyana simbi silicates, uye oxides.
Pamusana pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsvina, kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekubvisa tsvina panguva yekuchenesa yakaoma. Tsvina inonyungudika yemafuta, yakadai semafuta emhuka nemiriwo, mamineral oils, nemafuta, zvinonyungudika zviri nyore muorganic solvents uye zvinogona kubviswa zviri nyore panguva yekuchenesa yakaoma. Iko kunyungudika kwakanyanya kwekuoma kwekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa zveoiri uye girizi zvakakonzerwa nemasimba evan der Waals pakati pemamorekuru.
Nokuda kwekubviswa kwetsvina inonyunguduka yemvura yakadai seinorganic salts, shuga, mapuroteni, sweat, nezvimwewo, zvakakoshawo kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwemvura kune yakaoma yekuchenesa agent, kana zvisina kudaro tsvina yakasvibiswa nemvura yakaoma kubvisa kubva muzvipfeko. Asi mvura yakaoma kunyungudika mumidziyo yakaoma yekuchenesa, saka kuti uwedzere huwandu hwemvura, ma surfactants anoda kuwedzerwa. Mvura iripo mune yakaoma yekuchenesa maajenti inogona hydrate tsvina uye pamusoro pezvipfeko, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushamwaridzana nemapoka epolar eva surfactants, izvo zvinobatsira pakushambadza kwevanoshandisa surfactants pamusoro. Pamusoro pezvo, kana ma surfactants achigadzira micelles, tsvina inonyungudika nemvura uye mvura inogona kunyungudutswa mumicelles. Masurfactants haangogone chete kuwedzera mvura yemukati mune yakaoma yekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa, asi zvakare kudzivirira kudzoreredzwa kwetsvina kuti iwedzere kuchenesa maitiro.
Kuvepo kwemvura shoma kunodiwa pakubvisa tsvina inonyungudika nemvura, asi mvura yakawandisa inogona kukonzera kuti dzimwe mbatya dzikanganiswe, kuunyana, nezvimwewo, saka mvura iri mudetergent yakaoma inofanira kuva pakati nepakati.
Zvimedu zvakasimba zvakaita sedota, madhaka, ivhu, uye kabhoni dema, izvo zvisinganyungudike nemvura kana kunyungudika nemafuta, zvinowanzoomerera kuzvipfeko neelectrostatic adsorption kana nekubatanidza nemarara emafuta. Mukuchenesa kwakaoma, kuyerera uye kukanganisa kwezvinonyungudutsa zvinogona kukonzera tsvina yakashambadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi kudonha, nepo yakaoma yekuchenesa maajenti inogona kunyungudutsa mafuta, zvichiita kuti zvimedu zvakasimba zvinosangana nemafuta emafuta uye kunamatira kune zvipfeko kudonha kubva kune yakaoma yekuchenesa mumiriri. Huwandu hudiki hwemvura uye ma surfactants mune yakaoma yekuchenesa mumiriri anogona kumisa nekuparadzira zvimedu zvetsvina yakasimba inodonha, ichidzivirira kuti isaise pane zvipfeko zvakare.
(5) Zvinhu zvinokanganisa washing effect
Iyo inotungamira adsorption yeva surfactants pane iyo interface uye kuderedzwa kwepasi (interfacial) tension ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvekubviswa kwemvura kana yakasimba foiling. Asi nzira yekugeza yakaoma, uye kunyange kugezwa kwemhando imwechete ye detergent kunokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira kusangana kwe detergent, tembiricha, hunhu hwetsvina, mhando yefiber, uye machira magadzirirwo.
① Concentration yezvinoitika
Iyo micelles ye surfactants mune mhinduro inoita basa rakakosha mukugezesa maitiro. Kana iyo yekusungwa inosvika kune yakakosha micelle concentration (cmc), iyo yekugezesa maitiro inowedzera zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, kuwanda kwe detergent musolvent kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira kupfuura kukosha kweCMC kuitira kuti uwane yakanaka yekugezesa maitiro. Nekudaro, kana huwandu hwema surfactants huchipfuura kukosha kweCMC, kuwedzera kwekuwacha mhedzisiro kunova kushoma, uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya kweiyo surfactant concentration haina basa.
Paunenge uchishandisa solubilization kubvisa mavara emafuta, kunyangwe iyo yekumisikidza iri pamusoro peiyo CMC kukosha, iyo solubilization mhedzisiro ichiri kuwedzera nekuwedzera kweiyo surfactant concentration. Panguva ino, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa detergent munharaunda, sepama cuffs uye makora ehembe uko kune tsvina yakawanda. Paunenge uchiwacha, dhizaini ye detergent inogona kutanga yaiswa kuti ivandudze solubilization mhedzisiro yevano surfactants pamafuta emafuta.
② Tembiricha ine mhedzisiro yakakosha pakuchenesa maitiro. Pakazere, kuwedzera tembiricha kunobatsira pakubvisa tsvina, asi dzimwe nguva tembiricha yakawandisa inogonawo kukonzera zvakaipa.
Kuwedzera kwekushisa kunobatsira pakupararira kwetsvina. Mavara emafuta akasimba anokwenenzverwa zviri nyore kana tembiricha iri pamusoro penzvimbo yekunyungudika, uye mafiber anowedzerawo dhigirii rekuwedzera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa. Zvinhu izvi zvose zvinobatsira pakubviswa kwetsvina. Nekudaro, kune machira akaomesesa, iwo madiki gap pakati pemafiber anoderedzwa mushure mekuwedzera kwefiber, izvo zvisingakodzeri kubviswa kwetsvina.
Shanduko yetembiricha inokanganisawo kunyungudika, kukosha kweCMC, uye saizi ye micelle yeva surfactants, nekudaro zvichikanganisa kugeza. Yakareba kabhoni chain surfactants ine yakaderera solubility patembiricha yakaderera, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange yakaderera solubility kupfuura kukosha kweCMC. Muchiitiko ichi, kupisa kwekugeza kunofanira kuwedzerwa zvakakodzera. Mhedzisiro yekushisa pane CMC kukosha uye micelle saizi yakasiyana kune ionic uye isiri-ionic surfactants. Kune ionic surfactants, kuwedzera kwekushisa kunowanzo tungamira mukuwedzera kwe CMC kukosha uye kudzikira kwesaizi micelle. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuwanda kwevanoita surfactants kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa muwashing solution. Kune vasiri-ionic surfactants, kuwedzera tembiricha kunotungamira mukudzikira kweiyo CMC kukosha uye kuwedzera kukuru kwehukuru hwavo micelle. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kuwedzera tembiricha zvakakodzera kunogona kubatsira vasiri-ionic surfactants kuita basa ravo repamusoro. Asi tembiricha haifanire kudarika makore ayo.
Muchidimbu, tembiricha yakanyatsokodzera yekuwachisa inoenderana neformula ye detergent uye chinhu chiri kugezwa. Mamwe ma detergent ane yakanaka yekuchenesa mhedzisiro patembiricha yekamuri, nepo mamwe ma detergent ane akasiyana zvakanyanya ekuchenesa mhedzisiro yekutonhora uye inopisa yekuwachisa.
③ Furo
Vanhu vanowanzo vhiringa kugona kupupa furo nekugeza, vachitenda kuti mishonga yekugezesa ine simba rekupupa yakasimba ine zvirinani zvekugeza. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti iyo yekuwachisa haina hukama zvakananga nehuwandu hwefuro. Semuyenzaniso, kushandisa detergent yakaderera inopupuma pakuwacha haina kushambidzika kwekugeza pane yakakwira furo detergent.
Kunyange zvazvo furo risina hukama zvakananga nekugeza, furo richiri kubatsira kubvisa tsvina mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, furo remvura yekuwachisa rinogona kutakura madonhwe emafuta pakusuka ndiro nemaoko. Pakukwesha kapeti, furo rinogonawo kubvisa tsvina yakasimba seguruva. Guruva rinokonzera chikamu chikuru chetsvina yekapeti, saka carpet cleaner inofanira kuva nehumwe hwekupupa.
Simba rekupupa rakakoshawo kune shampoo. Furo rakanaka rinogadzirwa nemvura pakugeza bvudzi kana kugeza rinoita kuti vanhu vanzwe vakasununguka.
④ Mhando dzefiber uye zvemuviri zvimiro zvemachira
Mukuwedzera kune chimiro chemakemikari yefibers inobata kunamatira uye kubviswa kwetsvina, kutaridzika kwemafibhi uye kurongeka kwehurongwa hwemachira uye machira anewo kukanganisa pakuoma kwekubvisa tsvina.
Zviyero zveshinda dzemakushe uye tambo yakati sandara semagadzirirwo eshinda dzedonje zviri nyore kuunganidza tsvina pane shinda dzakatsetseka. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni dema yakanamatira kune cellulose firimu (adhesive firimu) iri nyore kubvisa, nepo kabhoni dema yakanamatira pamucheka wedonje inonetsa kuisuka. Semuyenzaniso, machira epolyester mapfupi efiber anowanzoita kuunganidza mavara emafuta kupfuura machira efayibha refu, uye mavara emafuta pamachira mapfupi efayibha anonetsawo kubvisa pane aya ari pamachira marefu efiber.
Shinda dzakakoswa dzakasimba uye machira akaomeswa, nekuda kwediki diki magedhi pakati pemafibhi, anogona kuramba kupinda kwetsvina, asi zvakare kudzivirira mhinduro yekuchenesa kubva pakubvisa tsvina yemukati. Nokudaro, micheka yakaoma ine kumira kwakanaka kune tsvina pakutanga, asi zvakare zvakaoma kuchenesa kana yakasvibiswa.
⑤ Kuoma kwemvura
Iko kusungirirwa kwesimbi ions senge Ca2 + uye Mg2 + mumvura kune yakakosha kukanganisa kwekugeza, kunyanya kana anionic surfactants vanosangana neCa2 + uye Mg2 + ions kuti vagadzire calcium uye magnesium munyu isina kunyungudika, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kugona kwavo kuchenesa. Kunyangwe kana huwandu hwema surfactants hwakakwira mumvura yakaoma, kuchenesa kwavo kuchiri kwakaipisisa kupfuura mu distillation. Kuti uwane iyo yakanakisa yekugezesa maitiro eva surfactants, kuunganidzwa kweCa2 + ions mumvura kunofanirwa kuderedzwa kusvika pasi pe1 × 10-6mol / L (CaCO3 inofanira kuderedzwa kusvika 0.1mg / L). Izvi zvinoda kuwedzera zvinyoro-nyoro zvakasiyana kune detergent.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-16-2024