Kudzikira kwesimba rehurefu hupi zvahwo pamusoro pemvura inonzi kudzvanya kwepamusoro, uye chikwata ndiN.·m-1.
Iyo pfuma yekudzikisa tension yesolution inonzi surface activity, uye chinhu chine pfuma iyi chinonzi surface-active substance.
Chinhu chepamusoro-chinoshanda chinogona kusunga mamorekuru mumushonga wemvura uye kuumba micelles uye mamwe masangano, uye kuve nepamusoro pekuita basa, ukuwo iine mhedzisiro yekunyorova, emulsifying, kupupa, kugeza, nezvimwewo inonzi surfactant.
Surfactant ndeye organic komisheni ine yakasarudzika dhizaini uye midziyo, iyo inogona zvakanyanya kushandura kupindirana kwemukati pakati pezvikamu zviviri kana kusawirirana kwepamusoro kwezvinwiwa (kazhinji mvura), nekunyorova, kupupuma, emulsifying, kugeza uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Panyaya yechimiro, ma surfactants ane chinhu chakafanana mukuti ane mapoka maviri emhando dzakasiyana mumamorekuru avo. Pane imwe mugumo iketani refu yeboka risiri-polar, inonyungudika mumafuta uye isinganyungudike mumvura, inozivikanwawo seboka re hydrophobic kana boka rinodzinga mvura. Boka rakadaro rinodzinga mvura rinowanzoita macheni akareba emahydrocarbons, dzimwe nguva zvakare kune organic fluorine, silicon, organophosphate, organotin cheni, etc. Pane imwe mugumo iboka rinonyunguduka nemvura, boka re hydrophilic kana boka remafuta. Iro hydrophilic boka rinofanirwa kuve rakakwana hydrophilic kuve nechokwadi chekuti ese ma surfactants anonyungudika mumvura uye ane inodiwa solubility. Sezvo ma surfactants aine mapoka e hydrophilic uye hydrophobic, anogona kunyungudika mune imwe yezvikamu zvemvura. Iyi hydrophilic uye lipophilic pfuma ye surfactant inonzi amphiphilicity.
Surfactant imhando yeamphiphilic mamorekuru ane ese ari maviri hydrophobic uye hydrophilic mapoka. Mapoka eHydrophobic evanogadzira zvinhu anowanzo kuumbwa nema hydrocarbons akareba, senge alkyl C8~C20 yakatwasuka, branched-chain alkyl C8~C20，alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom number is 8~16) nezvimwe zvakadaro. Musiyano uri mudiki pakati pemapoka ehydrophobic unonyanya mukushandurwa kwemaitiro emaketani ehydrocarbon. Uye mhando dzemapoka e-hydrophilic akawanda, saka maitiro eva surfactants anonyanya kuenderana nemapoka e-hydrophilic mukuwedzera kune saizi uye chimiro chemapoka e-hydrophobic. Iko kushanduka kwemaitiro emapoka e-hydrophilic akakura kupfuura ayo emapoka e-hydrophobic, saka kupatsanurwa kweva surfactants kunowanzo kuenderana nechimiro chemapoka emahydrophilic. Iyi kupatsanurwa kwakavakirwa pakuti iro hydrophilic boka ionic kana kwete, uye rakakamurwa kuita anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic uye mamwe akakosha marudzi eva surfactants.
① Adsorption yeva surfactants pane iyo interfac
Surfactant mamorekuru ndiwo amphiphilic mamorekuru ane ese ari maviri lipophilic uye hydrophilic mapoka. Kana iyo surfactant yanyungudutswa mumvura, boka rayo re hydrophilic rinokwezvwa kumvura uye rinonyungudika mumvura, nepo lipophilic boka rayo rinodzingwa nemvura uye richisiya mvura, zvichikonzera kushambadza kwema surfactant molecules (kana ions) pakusangana kwezvikamu zviviri. , izvo zvinoderedza kusawirirana kwechiso pakati pezvikamu zviviri. Iyo yakawanda surfactant mamorekuru (kana ions) anoshambadzirwa pane iyo interface, kunowedzera kudzikiswa kwekunetsana kwechiso.
② Zvimwe zve adsorption membrane
Kudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro kweadsorption membrane: Surfactant adsorption pagasi-liquid interface kuti igadzire adsorption membrane, sekuisa pepa risingabviswe rinoyangarara pachiratidziro, pepa rinoyangarara rinosundira adsorbent membrane padivi pemhinduro, uye membrane inogadzira kumanikidza. pabepa rinoyangarara, rinodaidzwa kuti kumanikidza kwepamusoro.
Surface viscosity: Kufanana nekumanikidza kwepamusoro, kutaridzika kwepamusoro inzvimbo inoratidzwa neisingaverengeki molecular membrane. Yakaturikwa nesimbi yakanaka yesimbi platinamu mhete, kuitira kuti ndege yayo ibatane nepamusoro pemvura yetangi, tenderedza mhete yeplatinamu, mhete yeplatinamu neiyo viscosity yekuvharira mvura, iyo amplitude inoora zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichienderana neiyo iyo yekumusoro viscosity inogona kuve. kuyerwa. Nzira yacho ndeiyi: kutanga, kuedza kunoitwa pamusoro pemvura yakachena kuyera kuparara kweamplitude, uye ipapo kuora mushure mekuumbwa kwe membrane yekumusoro kunoyerwa, uye viscosity ye membrane yepasi inotorwa kubva pamusiyano pakati pezviviri. .
Iyo yekumusoro viscosity ine hukama zvakanyanya nekusimba kweiyo membrane membrane, uye sezvo adsorption membrane ine pamusoro pekumanikidza uye viscosity, inofanirwa kuve ine elasticity. Iyo yakakwirira yekumanikidza kwepamusoro uye yakakwirira viscosity ye adsorbed membrane, iyo inokwirisa yayo elastic modulus. Iyo elastic modulus yekumusoro adsorption membrane yakakosha mukuita kwekudzikamisa bubble.
③ Kugadzira micelles
Dilute solutions of surfactants inoteerera mitemo inoteverwa nemhinduro dzakakodzera. Huwandu hwe surfactant adsorbed pamusoro pemushonga hunowedzera nekusangana kwemhinduro, uye kana iyo yekumisikidza yasvika kana kudarika imwe kukosha, huwandu hwekushambadza hauchawedzeri, uye aya mamorekuru akawandisa ari mumhinduro mune haphazard. nzira kana neimwe nzira yenguva dzose. Zvose maitiro uye dzidziso zvinoratidza kuti vanoumba masangano mukugadzirisa, uye masangano aya anonzi micelles.
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC): Iyo shoma yekuisa iyo iyo surfactants inoumba micelles mumhinduro inonzi yakakosha micelle concentration.
④ CMC tsika dzevakajairika surfactants.
HLB ndiyo chidimbu che hydrophile lipophile balance, iyo inoratidza iyo hydrophilic uye lipophilic chiyero cheiyo hydrophilic uye lipophilic mapoka eano surfactant, kureva kukosha kweHLB kweanodarika. Kukosha kukuru kweHLB kunoratidza molecule ine yakasimba hydrophilicity uye isina simba lipophilicity; ukuwo, lipophilicity yakasimba uye isina simba hydrophilicity.
① Zvinopihwa zveHLB kukosha
HLB kukosha ndeyehukoshi hunoenderana, saka kana HLB yakakosha, seyakajairwa, iyo HLB kukosha kweparafini wax, iyo isina hydrophilic properties, inotsanangurwa kuve 0, nepo HLB kukosha kwesodium dodecyl sulfate, inova. yakawanda-inonyungudika mumvura, ndeye 40. Nokudaro, kukosha kweHLB yeva surfactants kazhinji mukati mehuwandu hwe1 kusvika ku40. Kazhinji, emulsifiers neHLB inokosha pasi pegumi ndeye lipophilic, nepo iyo yakakura kudarika gumi ihydrophilic. Saka, shanduko kubva ku lipophilic kuenda ku hydrophilic inenge gumi.
Zvichienderana nehunhu hweHLB hwevanoshandisa surfactants, pfungwa yakajairwa yekugona kushandiswa kwavo inogona kuwanikwa, sezvakaratidzwa muTable 1-3.
Zvinwiwa zviviri zvisinganyunguriki, imwe yakaparadzirwa mune imwe sezvimedu (madonhwe kana makristasi emvura) zvinogadzira system inonzi emulsion. Iyi sisitimu ine thermodynamically isina kugadzikana nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemuganhu wenzvimbo yezvinwiwa zviviri apo emulsion inoumbwa. Kuti uite kuti emulsion igadzikane, zvakakosha kuwedzera chikamu chechitatu - emulsifier kuderedza interfacial simba rehurongwa. Emulsifier ndeye surfactant, basa rayo guru kutamba basa remulsion. Chikamu cheemulsion chiripo semadonhwe chinonzi chikamu chakapararira (kana chikamu chemukati, discontinuous phase), uye chimwe chikamu chinobatanidzwa pamwe chete chinonzi dispersion medium (kana chikamu chekunze, chinoramba chichienderera).
① Emulsifiers uye emulsions
Common emulsions, chimwe chikamu imvura kana aqueous mhinduro, imwe nhanho iri organic zvinhu kwete miscible nemvura, akadai girisi, wakisi, etc. The emulsion inoumbwa nemvura nemafuta inogona kupatsanurwa mumhando mbiri maererano nekupararira kwavo mamiriro ezvinhu: mafuta. yakapararira mumvura kuti iite emulsion yemafuta-mu-mvura, inoratidzwa seO / W (mafuta / mvura): mvura yakapararira mumafuta kuti iite emulsion yemafuta-mumvura, inoratidzwa seW / O (mvura / mafuta). Mvura yakaoma-mu-mafuta-mu-mvura W / O / W mhando uye mafuta-mu-mvura-mu-mafuta O / W / O mhando yakawanda-emulsions inogonawo kuumbwa.
Emulsifiers anoshandiswa kudzikamisa emulsions nekudzikisa kushushikana kwechiso uye kugadzira imwe-morekuru interfacial membrane.
Mune emulsification yezvinodiwa emulsifier:
a: Iyo emulsifier inofanirwa kukwanisa kushambadza kana kupfumisa iyo interface pakati pezvikamu zviviri, kuitira kuti kushushikana kwemukati kuderere;
b: Iyo emulsifier inofanirwa kupa zvimedu kuchaji, kuitira kuti electrostatic repulsion pakati pezvimedu, kana kuumba yakagadzikana, yakanyanya viscous inodzivirira membrane yakatenderedza zvimedu.
Naizvozvo, chinhu chinoshandiswa se emulsifier chinofanirwa kuve nemapoka emamphiphilic kuitira kuti aite emulsify, uye ma surfactants anogona kuita ichi chinodiwa.
② Kugadzirira nzira dze emulsions uye zvinhu zvinokanganisa kugadzikana kwe emulsions
Pane nzira mbiri dzekugadzirira emulsions: imwe ndeye kushandisa mechanical nzira kuparadzira mvura mudiki zvidimbu mune imwe mvura, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri kugadzirira emulsions; imwe yacho ndeyekunyungudutsa mvura iri mumolecular state mune imwe mvura, yozoita kuti iungane zvakanaka kuti iite emulsions.
Kugadzikana kwe emulsion ndiko kukwanisa kupikisa-particle aggregation inotungamirira pakuparadzaniswa kwechikamu. Emulsions ndeye thermodynamically isina kugadzikana masisitimu ane hombe yemahara simba. Nokudaro, iyo inonzi kugadzikana kwe emulsion ndiyo nguva inodiwa kuti hurongwa husvike pakuenzana, kureva, nguva inodiwa pakuparadzaniswa kweimwe yezvinwiwa muhurongwa kuti zviitike.
Kana iyo interfacial membrane ine fatty alcohols, fatty acids uye fatty amines uye mamwe polar organic molecules, membrane simba rakakwirira zvakanyanya. Izvi imhaka yokuti, mune interfacial adsorption layer emulsifier mamorekuru uye alcohols, asidhi nemaamine uye mamwe polar molecules kuumba "complex", kuitira kuti interfacial membrane simba kuwedzera.
Emulsifiers anosanganisira anopfuura maviri ma surfactants anonzi masanganiswa emulsifiers. Mixed emulsifier adsorbed pamvura / mafuta interface; intermolecular action inogona kuumba complexes. Nekuda kweiyo yakasimba intermolecular chiito, iyo interfacial tension yakadzikira zvakanyanya, huwandu hweemulsifier adsorbed pane iyo interface inowedzera zvakanyanya, kuumbwa kweiyo interfacial membrane density inowedzera, simba rinowedzera.
Mutero weiyo mabheji emvura ane simba rakakura pakugadzikana kwemulsion. Emulsions yakagadzikana, iyo mabhesi emvura anowanzo kubhadhariswa. Kana ionic emulsifier ikashandiswa, iyo emulsifier ion yakashambadzirwa pachiratidziro ine lipophilic boka rayo rinopinzwa muchikamu chemafuta uye boka re hydrophilic riri muchikamu chemvura, nokudaro richiita kuti mabhesi emvura achaji. Sezvo emulsion mabheji ane mhosva imwe chete, ivo vanodzinga mumwe nemumwe, kwete nyore kuunganidza, kuitira kuti kugadzikana kuwedzere. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti iyo yakawanda emulsifier ions yakashambadzirwa pamabhesi, iyo yakakura kubhadharisa, iyo yakakura kugona kudzivirira mabhesi kubva mukusangana, iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana iyo emulsion system.
Iyo viscosity ye emulsion dispersion medium ine imwe pesvedzero pakugadzikana kwe emulsion. Kazhinji, iyo yakakwira viscosity yepakati yekuparadzira, inowedzera kugadzikana kweemulsion. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti viscosity yekuparadzira svikiro yakakura, iyo ine simba rakasimba pakufamba kweBrownian kwemabhesi emvura uye inononoka kudhumhana pakati pemabheji emvura, kuitira kuti hurongwa hurambe hwakasimba. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvepolymer zvinogona kunyungudutswa mumaemulsion zvinogona kuwedzera viscosity yehurongwa uye kuita kuti kugadzikana kwema emulsions kuve kumusoro. Uye zvakare, mapolymers anogona zvakare kugadzira yakasimba interfacial membrane, zvichiita kuti emulsion system igadzikane.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzerwa kwehupfu hwakasimba kunogonawo kuita kuti emulsion iite kugadzikana. Upfu hwakaoma huri mumvura, mumafuta kana musanganisi, zvichienderana nemafuta, mvura pakunyorova kwehupfu hwakasimba, kana hupfu hwakasimba husina kunyatsonyorova nemvura, asiwo hunyoro nemafuta, hunoramba huri pamvura nemafuta. interface.
Iyo poda yakasimba haiite kuti emulsion igadzikane nekuti hupfu hwakaunganidzwa pachiratidziro hunowedzera iyo interfacial membrane, iyo yakafanana neiyo interfacial adsorption ye emulsifier molecules, saka iyo yakanyanya kurongeka iyo yakasimba poda zvinhu inorongedzerwa pane iyo interface, iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana. emulsion ndizvo.
Masurfactants ane kugona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kunyungudika kwezvinhu zvisinganyungudika kana zvishoma-zvinonyungudika mumvura mushure mekugadzira micelles mumushonga wemvura, uye mhinduro yacho iri pachena panguva ino. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemicelle zvinonzi solubilization. Iyo surfactant inogona kugadzira solubilization inonzi solubilizer, uye iyo organic matter inonyungudika inonzi solubilized matter.
Foam inobata basa rinokosha pakushambidza. Foam inzira yekuparadzira iyo gasi inoparadzirwa mumvura kana yakasimba, ine gasi sechikamu chakaparadzirwa uye mvura kana yakasimba senzira yekuparadzira, yekare ichinzi furo remvura, nepo yekupedzisira ichinzi foam yakasimba, zvakadai. sepurasitiki ine furo, girazi rine furo, simende yakapushwa nezvimwe.
(1) Kugadzirwa kwefuro
Nefuro tinoreva pano muunganidzwa wemapupu emhepo akapatsanurwa ne membrane yemvura. Iri rudzi rwebubble rinogara richikwira nekukurumidza kune mvura yemvura nekuda kwekusiyana kukuru kwehuwandu pakati pechikamu chakapararira (gasi) uye svikiro rekuparadzira (mvura), yakasanganiswa nekuderera kwe viscosity yemvura.
Nzira yekugadzira bubble ndeyekuunza huwandu hukuru hwegasi mumvura, uye mabhuru ari mumvura anokurumidza kudzoka pamusoro, achiita muunganidzwa wemabhuru akaparadzaniswa nekashoma kegasi remvura.
Furo rine hunhu huviri hwakakosha maererano nemorphology: chimwe ndechekuti mabhubhu sechikamu chakapararira anowanzo kuve ane polyhedral muchimiro, izvi zvinodaro nekuti pamharadzano yemabhuru, pane katsika kekuti firimu remvura kutetepa zvekuti polyhedral, apo iyo firimu yemvura yakaonda kune imwe nhanho, inotungamirira kukuputika kwebubble; chechipiri ndechekuti zvinwiwa zvakachena hazvigone kuumba furo rakagadzikana, mvura inogona kugadzira furo inokwana zvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura. Aqueous solutions of surfactants inofananidzwa nemasisitimu anowanzoita furo kugadzirwa, uye kugona kwavo kuburitsa furo kune hukamawo nezvimwe zvivakwa.
Masurfactants ane simba rakanaka rekupupa anonzi maaming agents. Kunyange zvazvo furo mumiririri ane yakanaka furo kugona, asi furo akaumbwa angave asingakwanisi kuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba, kureva kuti, kugadzikana kwayo hakusi kwakanaka. Kuti uchengetedze kugadzikana kwefuro, kazhinji mune inopupuma agent kuwedzera zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera kugadzikana kwefuro, chinhu chinonzi foam stabilizer, chinowanzo shandiswa stabilizer is lauryl diethanolamine uye dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) Kugadzikana kwefuro
Foam is thermodynamically unstable system uye chimiro chekupedzisira ndechekuti nzvimbo yese yemvura mukati meiyo system inodzikira mushure mekunge bubble ratyoka uye simba remahara radzikira. Iyo defoaming process ndiyo nzira iyo iyo membrane yemvura inoparadzanisa gasi inokora uye kutetepa kusvika yatsemuka. Naizvozvo, dhigirii rekugadzikana kwefuro rinonyanya kutsanangurwa nekumhanya kwekuyerera kwemvura uye kusimba kweiyo firimu remvura. Zvinhu zvinotevera zvinokanganisawo izvi.
(3) Kuparadza furo
Nheyo yekutanga yekuparadza furo ndeyekuchinja mamiriro anoburitsa furo kana kubvisa zvinhu zvinogadzika zvefuro, saka kune zvese zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari nzira dzekubvisa furo.
Physical defoaming zvinoreva kushandura mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwefuro uchichengetedza kemikari yefoam solution, sekuvhiringika kwekunze, shanduko yetembiricha kana kudzvanywa uye kurapwa kwe ultrasonic inzira dzese dzinoshanda dzekubvisa furo.
Iyo kemikari yekubvisa furo nzira ndeyekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvidyidzane neanopupa ajenti kuderedza simba remvura firimu mufuro uye nokudaro kuderedza kugadzikana kwefuro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa furo, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinonzi defoamers. Mazhinji e defoamers ma surfactants. Nokudaro, maererano nemaitiro ekusvibisa, defoamer inofanira kuva nesimba rakasimba rekuderedza kushushikana kwepamusoro, nyore kushambadza pamusoro pepamusoro, uye kupindirana pakati pepamusoro adsorption molecules haina simba, adsorption molecules yakarongwa mune imwe yakasununguka.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana e defoamer, asi chaizvoizvo, ose haasi-ionic surfactants. Non-ionic surfactants ane anti-foaming properties pedyo kana pamusoro pegore ravo uye anowanzo shandiswa se defoamers. Doro, kunyanya madoro ane branching structure, fatty acids uye fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphate esters, silicone oils, nezvimwewo zvinowanzoshandiswa seyakanaka defoamers.
(4) Furo nekugeza
Ikoko hakuna hukama hwakananga pakati pehuputi uye kushambidzika kushanda uye kuwanda kwefuro hakuratidzi kushanda kwekushambidza. Semuenzaniso, ma<em>nonionic surfactants ane zvinhu zvinopupuma zvishoma zvishoma pane sipo, asi kusvibiswa kwawo kuri nani kupfuura sipo.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, furo rinogona kubatsira mukubvisa tsvina nemarara. Somuenzaniso, pakusuka ndiro mumba, furo remugetsi rinotora madonhwe emafuta uye pakukwesha makapeti, furo racho rinobatsira kunhonga huruva, upfu uye imwe tsvina yakasimba. Mukuwedzera, furo dzimwe nguva rinogona kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekushanda kwe detergent. Nekuti mafuta ane mafuta ane inhibiting mhedzisiro pafuro re detergent, kana paine mafuta akawandisa uye kushoma detergent, hapana furo richagadzirwa kana furo rekutanga richanyangarika. Foam inogonawo dzimwe nguva kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekuchena kwekugezesa, sezvo kuwanda kwefuro mune yekugezesa mhinduro kunowedzera kuderera nekudzikira kwe detergent, saka huwandu hwefuro hunogona kushandiswa kuongorora dhigirii rekusuka.
Mupfungwa yakafara, kugeza inzira yokubvisa zvinhu zvisingadiwi pachinhu chinogezwa uye kuita chimwe chinangwa. Kugeza nenzira yenguva dzose zvinoreva nzira yekubvisa tsvina pamusoro pemutakuri. Mukugeza, kupindirana pakati petsvina uye mutakuri kunopera simba kana kubviswa nekuita kwemamwe makemikari zvinhu (semuenzaniso, detergent, nezvimwewo), kuitira kuti kusanganiswa kwetsvina uye mutakuri kushandurwe kuve musanganiswa wetsvina uye detergent, uye pakupedzisira tsvina inoparadzaniswa nemutakuri. Sezvo zvinhu zvinofanira kushambidzwa uye tsvina inofanira kubviswa zvakasiyana-siyana, kushambidza inzira yakaoma zvikuru uye nzira yekutanga yekugeza inogona kuratidzwa muhukama hunotevera huri nyore.
Carrie··Dirt + Detergent= Mutakuri + Tsvina · Detergent
Nzira yekugeza inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: kutanga, pasi pechiito che detergent, tsvina inoparadzaniswa nemutakuri wayo; chechipiri, tsvina yakavharwa inoparadzirwa uye inomiswa mukati. Washing process inzira inodzoreredzwa uye tsvina yakaparadzirwa uye yakaturikwa pakati inogona zvakare kunatsirwa kubva pakati kuenda kune chinhu chiri kugezeswa. Nokudaro, detergent yakanaka inofanira kuva nekwaniso yekuparadzira uye kumisa tsvina uye kudzivirira kudzorerazve tsvina, kuwedzera pakukwanisa kubvisa tsvina kubva kumutakuri.
(1) Mhando dzetsvina
Kunyange nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chete, rudzi, kuumbwa uye huwandu hwetsvina hunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda iyo inoshandiswa. Tsvina yemafuta emuviri inonyanya kuve mamwe mafuta emhuka nemuriwo nemafuta emamineral (akadai semafuta asina kukora, mafuta emafuta, tara yemarasha, zvichingodaro), tsvina yakasimba inonyanya kuita soot, dota, ngura, kabhoni dema, nezvimwewo. Panyaya yetsvina yembatya, kune tsvina kubva mumuviri wemunhu, sedikita, sebum, ropa, nezvimwe; tsvina yezvokudya, zvakadai semichero yemichero, mavara emafuta ekubikisa, mavara econdiment, starch, nezvimwewo; tsvina kubva muzvizoro, zvakadai se lipstick, nail polish, nezvimwewo; tsvina inobva mumhepo, sesoot, guruva, dhaka, nezvimwewo; zvimwe, seinki, tii, coating, etc. Inouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzetsvina dzinowanzo kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: tsvina yakasimba, tsvina yemvura uye tsvina yakakosha.
① Tsvina yakasimba
Tsvina yakasimba yakajairika inosanganisira zvidimbu zvedota, madhaka, pasi, ngura uye kabhoni dema. Zvizhinji zvezvimedu izvi zvine chaji yemagetsi pamusoro pazvo, mazhinji acho akachajwa zvisina kunaka uye anogona kushambadzwa zviri nyore pazvinhu zvefiber. Tsvina yakasimba kazhinji yakaoma kunyungudika mumvura, asi inogona kuparadzirwa uye kumiswa ne detergent solutions. Solid tsvina ine diki mass point yakanyanya kunetsa kubvisa.
② Tsvina yemvura
Tsvina yemvura inonyanya kunyungudika neoiri, kusanganisira zvidyarwa nemhuka oiri, mafuta acids, mafuta edoro, zvicherwa oiri nemaokisi awo. Pakati pavo, mafuta emiti nemhuka, mafuta acids uye alkali saponification anogona kuitika, nepo mafuta anodhaka, mamineral oils haana saponified nealkali, asi anogona kunyungudika mudoro, ethers uye hydrocarbon organic solvents, uye detergent mvura solution emulsification uye kupararira. Oiri-inonyungudika mvura tsvina kazhinji ine simba rakasimba ine faibha zvinhu, uye inonyanyo dhodha pafibers.
③ tsvina yakakosha
Tsvina yakasarudzika inosanganisira mapuroteni, starch, ropa, zvakavanzika zvevanhu sedikita, sebum, weti nemuto wemichero nemuto wetii. Yakawanda yerudzi urwu rwetsvina inogona kuve nemakemikari uye yakasimba adsorbed pane fiber zvinhu. Nokudaro, zvakaoma kugeza.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsvina hadziwanzo kuwanikwa dziri dzoga, asi dzinowanzosanganiswa pamwe chete uye dzinoiswa pachinhu. Tsvina dzimwe nguva inogona kuve oxidized, kuora kana kuora pasi pesimba rekunze, nekudaro kugadzira tsvina nyowani.
(2) Kunamira kwetsvina
Mbatya, maoko nezvimwe zvinogona kuve nemavara nekuti pane imwe mhando yekudyidzana pakati pechinhu netsvina. Tsvina inonamatira kune zvinhu nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, asi hapana zvinopfuura zvemuviri uye makemikari adhesion.
①Kunamira kwe soot, guruva, dhaka, jecha uye marasha pazvipfeko kunamira kwemuviri. Kazhinji kutaura, kuburikidza nekunamatira uku kwetsvina, uye basa riri pakati pechinhu chakasvibiswa harina kusimba, kubviswa kwetsvina zvakare kuri nyore. Zvinoenderana neakasiyana masimba, kunamatira kwemuviri kwetsvina kunogona kupatsanurwa kuita mechanical adhesion uye electrostatic adhesion.
A: Mechanical adhesion
Rudzi urwu rwekunamatira rinonyanya kureva kunamira kweimwe tsvina yakasimba (semuenzaniso, huruva, madhaka nejecha). Mechanical adhesion ndiyo imwe yemhando dzisina kusimba dzekunamatira tsvina uye inogona kubviswa munenge nemachanicha nzira, asi kana tsvina iri diki (<0.1um), zvinonyanya kunetsa kubvisa.
B: Electrostatic adhesion
Electrostatic adhesion inonyanya kuratidzwa mukuita kwetsvina inochajiswa pazvinhu zvakapesana. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvine fibrous zvakachajiswa zvisina kunaka mumvura uye zvinogona kuteedzerwa zviri nyore neimwe tsvina yakachajiswa, senge lime mhando. Imwe tsvina, kunyangwe yakachajirwa zvisina kunaka, senge kabhoni dema twumisodzi mune aqueous mhinduro, inogona kunamatira kune faibha kuburikidza neayoni mabhiriji (ioni pakati pezvakawanda zvakapesana zvinhu, zvichishanda pamwe chete nazvo nenzira yebhiriji) inoumbwa nemaion akanaka mumvura (semuenzaniso. , Ca2+, Mg2+ nezvimwewo).
Electrostatic chiito chakasimba pane nyore mechanical chiito, zvichiita kuti kubvisa tsvina kunetse.
② Kusungirirwa kwemakemikari
Chemical adhesion (Chemical adhesion) zvinoreva chiitiko chetsvina ichishanda pachinhu kuburikidza nekemikari kana hydrogen bond. Semuenzaniso, polar yakasimba tsvina, mapuroteni, ngura uye kumwe kunamatira pane zvinhu zvefiber, fibers ine carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide uye mamwe mapoka, mapoka aya uye ane mafuta tsvina mafuta acids, mafuta anodhaka ari nyore kugadzira hydrogen bonds. Masimba emakemikari anowanzo kusimba uye tsvina saka inosungirirwa zvakanyanya kune chinhu. Mhando iyi yetsvina yakaoma kubvisa nenzira dzinowanzoitwa uye inoda nzira dzakakosha dzekutarisana nayo.
Chiyero chekunamatira kwetsvina chakabatana nechimiro chetsvina pachayo uye chimiro chechinhu chayakanamatira. Kazhinji, zvimedu zvinonamatira nyore kune fiber zvinhu. Izvo zviduku zvinyorwa zvetsvina yakasimba, iyo yakasimba yekunamatira. Polar tsvina pane hydrophilic zvinhu zvakaita sedonje negirazi zvinonamira zvakanyanya pane zvisiri-polar tsvina. Non-polar tsvina inonamatira zvakasimba kudarika tsvina yepolar, yakadai semafuta epolar, guruva nevhu, uye haisi nyore kubvisa nekuchenesa.
(3) Kubvisa tsvina nzira
Chinangwa chekugeza ndechekubvisa tsvina. Mukati meimwe tembiricha (kunyanya mvura). Kushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri nemakemikari zvinokonzerwa nedetergent kuti iite simba kana kubvisa mhedzisiro yetsvina uye yakagezwa zvinhu, pasi pekuita kwemamwe masimba emagetsi (sekukwesha ruoko, kugezesa muchina wekugezesa, kukanganisa kwemvura), kuitira kuti tsvina uye zvinhu zvakashambwa. kubva pachinangwa chekubvisa tsvina.
① Mechanism yekubvisa tsvina yemvura
A: Kunyorova
Kusviba kwemvura kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemafuta. Oiri inosvibisa zvinhu zvakanyanya fibrous uye inopararira zvakanyanya kana zvishoma sefirimu remafuta pamusoro peiyo fibrous material. Danho rekutanga mukugezesa kunyorova kwepamusoro nemvura yekuwachisa. Nekuda kwekufananidzira, pamusoro pefiber inogona kunzi inzvimbo yakatsetseka yakasimba.
B: Oiri detachment - curling mechanism
Nhanho yechipiri mukushambidza chiito ndiko kubviswa kwemafuta nemafuta, kubviswa kwetsvina yemvura kunowanikwa nemhando yekukoira. Iyo tsvina yemvura pakutanga yaivepo pamusoro peiyo firimu remafuta akapararira, uye pasi pekunyorovesa kwemvura yekugezesa pane yakasimba nzvimbo (kureva, iyo fiber pamusoro), yakamonera kuita mabehemu emafuta nhanho nhanho, iyo dzakatsiviwa nemvura yekugeza uye pakupedzisira dzakasiya pamusoro pemamwe masimba ekunze.
② Mechanism yekubvisa tsvina yakasimba
Kubviswa kwetsvina yemvura kunonyanya kuburikidza nekunyorovesa kwakasarudzika kwemutakuri wetsvina newashing solution, nepo nzira yekubvisa yetsvina yakasimba yakasiyana, apo nzira yekugezesa inonyanya kunyorova kwehuremu hwetsvina uye nzvimbo yekutakura nekugeza. mhinduro. Nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwema surfactants patsvina yakasimba uye inotakura nzvimbo, kudyidzana pakati petsvina nepamusoro kunoderedzwa uye simba rekunamatira retsvina yakawanda pamusoro rinoderedzwa, nokudaro huremu hwetsvina hunobviswa zviri nyore kubva pamusoro. mutakuri.
Pamusoro pezvo, kushambadza kwemasurfactants, kunyanya ionic surfactants, pamusoro petsvina yakasimba uye mutakuri wayo ane mukana wekuwedzera mukana wepamusoro pamusoro petsvina yakasimba uye mutakuri wayo, izvo zvinonyanya kubatsira pakubviswa kweiyo. tsvina. Nzvimbo dzakasimba kana kazhinji dzine fibrous dzinowanzochajiswa zvisina kunaka mumidhiya ine aqueous media uye nekudaro inogona kugadzira diffuse emagetsi akaturikidzana patsvina kana nzvimbo dzakasimba. Nekuda kwekudzoserwa kwehomogeneous charges, kunamatira kwetsvina zvidimbu mumvura kune yakasimba nzvimbo inopera simba. Kana anionic surfactant yakawedzerwa, nokuti inogona kuwedzera panguva imwe chete iyo yakashata yepamusoro inogona kuitika yetsvina yetsvina uye nzvimbo yakasimba, kuregererwa pakati pavo kunowedzera kuwedzera, simba rekunamatira rechidimbu rinonyanya kuderedzwa, uye tsvina iri nyore kubvisa. .
MaNon-ionic surfactants anoshambadzirwa pane anowanzo kuchajiwa akasimba nzvimbo uye kunyangwe iwo asingashandure zvakanyanya kugona kwemukati, adsorbed asiri-ionic surfactants anowanzo kuumba humwe ukobvu hweadsorbed layer pamusoro iyo inobatsira kudzivirira kudzoreredzwa kwetsvina.
Muchiitiko che cationic surfactants, kushambadza kwavo kunoderedza kana kubvisa kusakanganiswa kwepamusoro kwehuwandu hwehutsvina uye nzvimbo yekutakura kwayo, iyo inoderedza kusvibiswa pakati petsvina nepamusoro uye naizvozvo haibatsiri kubvisa tsvina; Uyezve, mushure mekudzvora panzvimbo yakasimba, ma cationic surfactants anowanzo shandura iyo yakasimba pamusoro pehydrophobic uye saka haigone kunyorova pamusoro uye nekudaro kugeza.
③ Kubviswa kwevhu rakakosha
Protein, starch, secretions yevanhu, muto wemichero, muto wetii uye imwe tsvina yakadaro yakaoma kubvisa neyakajairwa surfactants uye inoda kurapwa kwakakosha.
Maprotein stains akadai sekirimu, mazai, ropa, mukaka uye excreta yeganda anowanzo kubatirana pamafibers uye kupera simba uye kuwana kunamatira kwakasimba. Kusvibiswa kweprotein kunogona kubviswa nekushandisa maprotease. Iyo enzyme protease inopwanya mapuroteni ari muvhu kuita anonyungudika mumvura amino acids kana oligopeptides.
Mavara estarchi anonyanya kubva muzvokudya, zvimwe zvakadai semuto, guruu etc. Amylase ine catalytic effect pa hydrolysis ye starch stains, zvichiita kuti starch iputse kuita shuga.
Lipase inokonzera kuora kwe triglycerides, iyo yakaoma kubvisa nemaitiro akajairika, akadai sebum nemafuta anodyika, uye inoaputsa kuita soluble glycerol nemafuta acids.
Mamwe mavara ane mavara kubva mujusi yemichero, muto wetii, ingi, lipstick nezvimwe zvinowanzonetsa kuchenesa zvakakwana kunyangwe mushure mekugezwa kakawanda. Aya mavara anogona kubviswa ne redox reaction ine oxidizing kana kuderedza agent yakadai se bleach, iyo inoparadza chimiro chemavara ekugadzira-mavara kana mavara-anobatsira mapoka uye anodzikisira kuita zviduku zvinonyunguduka mumvura.
(4) Stain kubvisa nzira yekuchenesa yakaoma
Zviri pamusoro ndezvemvura senzira yekuwachisa. Muchokwadi, nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipfeko uye chimiro, zvimwe zvipfeko zvinoshandisa kugeza mvura hazvisi nyore kana zvisiri nyore kugeza zvakachena, zvimwe zvipfeko mushure mekugeza uye kunyange deformation, kupera, nezvimwewo, semuenzaniso: mazhinji echisikigo fiber anotora mvura uye nyore kuzvimba, uye kuoma uye nyore kudonha, saka mushure mekugeza kuchave kwakaremara; nekuwacha zvigadzirwa zvemakushe zvakare zvinowanzoonekwa shrinkage phenomenon, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemakushe zvine kugeza mvura zviri nyore zvakare pilling, shanduko yemavara; Mamwe sirika ruoko anonzwa anochinja zvakanyanya mushure mekugeza uye anorasikirwa nekupenya kwawo. Nokuda kwezvipfeko izvi zvinowanzoshandisa nzira yakaoma-yekuchenesa yekusvibisa. Iyo inonzi yakaoma kucheneswa kazhinji inoreva nzira yekugeza mu organic solvents, kunyanya mune isiri-polar solvents.
Dry cleaning inzira yakapfava yekugeza pane kuwacha mvura. Nekuti kuchenesa kwakaoma hakudi kuita kwakawanda kwemuchina, hakukonzere kukanganisa, kuunyana uye deformation kune zvipfeko, nepo yakaoma yekuchenesa maajenti, kusiyana nemvura, kashoma kuburitsa kuwedzera uye kuputika. Chero bedzi tekinoroji ichibatwa nemazvo, zvipfeko zvinogona kuomeswa kucheneswa pasina kukanganisa, kupera kwemavara uye hupenyu hwakawedzerwa hwebasa.
Panyaya yekuchenesa kwakaoma, kune marudzi matatu akafara etsvina.
①Oiri-inonyungudika tsvina Oiri-inonyungudika tsvina inosanganisira marudzi ese emafuta uye girizi, iri mvura kana girizi uye inogona kunyungudutswa mukuoma kwekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa.
②Mvura-inonyungudika tsvina Tsvina inonyungudika mumvura inonyungudika mumhinduro dzine mvura, asi kwete mumidziyo yakaoma yekuchenesa, inoshambadzirwa pazvipfeko munzvimbo ine mvura, mvura inoputika mushure mekunaya kwemvura yegranular, senge inorganic salts, starch, protein, nezvimwe.
③Oiri nemvura isinganyunguriki tsvina Oiri nemvura isinganyunguriki tsvina hainyungudika mumvura kana kunyungudika mukuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa, senge kabhoni dema, silicates emhando dzakasiyana siyana dzesimbi uye okisidi.
Pamusana pemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsvina, kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekubvisa tsvina mukuoma-kuchenesa. Ivhu rinonyungudika nemafuta, rakadai semafuta emhuka nemiriwo, mamineral oils uye girizi, zvinonyungudika zviri nyore muorganic solvents uye zvinogona kubviswa zviri nyore mukucheneswa kwakaoma. Iyo yakanyanya kunyungudika yekuoma-yekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa zveoiri uye magirisi zvinobva zvabva kuvan der Walls masimba pakati pemamorekuru.
Kuti kubviswa kwetsvina inonyungudika nemvura yakadai seinorganic munyu, shuga, mapuroteni uye ziya, huwandu hwakakodzera hwemvura hunofanirawo kuwedzerwa kune yakaoma-yekuchenesa agent, kana zvisina kudaro tsvina inonyungudika nemvura yakaoma kubvisa kubva pakupfeka. Zvisinei, mvura yakaoma kunyunguduka mune yakaoma-yekuchenesa agent, saka kuti uwedzere huwandu hwemvura, iwe unodawo kuwedzera surfactants. Kuvapo kwemvura mumvura yakaoma-yekuchenesa inogona kuita kuti pamusoro pevhu uye zvipfeko zvive hydrated, kuitira kuti zvive nyore kushamwaridzana nemapoka e-polar e-surfactants, iyo inobatsira kushambadza kwevashambadziri pamusoro. Pamusoro pezvo, kana ma surfactants achigadzira micelles, tsvina inonyungudika nemvura uye mvura inogona kunyungudutswa mumicelles. Pamusoro pekuwedzera mvura yemukati meiyo yakaoma-yekuchenesa solvent, ma surfactants anogona kuitawo basa mukudzivirira kudzoreredzwa kwetsvina kuti iwedzere decontamination effect.
Kuvapo kwemvura shoma kunokosha kubvisa tsvina yakanyungudika nemvura, asi mvura yakawandisa inogona kukonzera kukanganisa uye kuunyana mune dzimwe mbatya, saka kuwanda kwemvura mu-ome-cleaning agent inofanira kuva yakadzikama.
Tsvina isinganyungudike nemvura kana kunyungudika neoiri, zvimedu zvimedu zvakaita sedota, madhaka, ivhu uye kabhoni dema, zvinowanzobatanidzwa pachipfeko nemasimba emagetsi kana kusanganiswa nemafuta. Mukuchenesa kwakaoma, kuyerera kwe solvent, kukanganisa kunogona kuita kuti iyo electrostatic force adsorption yetsvina ibve, uye yakaoma-yekuchenesa mumiririri inogona kunyungudutsa mafuta, kuitira kuti kusanganiswa kwemafuta netsvina uye kunamatira kune zvipfeko zvezvimedu zvakaomeswa kubva pakaoma. -kuchenesa mumiririri, yakaoma kuchenesa mumiririri mune shoma mvura uye surfactants, kuitira kuti avo kubva yakasimba tsvina particles inogona kugadzikana kuturika, kupararira, kudzivirira ayo re-deposition kune zvipfeko.
(5) Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kugeza chiito
Iyo inotungamira adsorption yevano surfactants pane iyo interface uye kuderedzwa kwepasi (interfacial) tension ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru mukubviswa kwetsvina yemvura kana yakasimba. Zvisinei, nzira yekugeza yakaoma uye maitiro ekugeza, kunyange nemhando imwechete ye detergent, inokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusangana kwe detergent, tembiricha, chimiro chevhu, rudzi rwefiber uye chimiro chejira.
① Surfactant concentration
Iyo micelles ye surfactants mune mhinduro inoita basa rakakosha mukugezesa maitiro. Kana iyo yekusungirira inosvika kune yakakosha micelle concentration (CMC), iyo yekugeza maitiro inowedzera zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, kuwanda kwe detergent musolvent kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira kupfuura kukosha kweCMC kuti kuve nekugezesa kwakanaka. Nekudaro, kana iyo yekumisikidza yesurfactant yakakwira kupfuura kukosha kweCMC, iyo yekuwedzera yekuwedzera yekuwachisa maitiro haisi pachena uye hazvifanirwe kuwedzera kuwanda kweiyo surfactant yakawandisa.
Paunenge uchibvisa oiri ne solubilization, iyo solubilization mhedzisiro inowedzera nekuwedzera surfactant concentration, kunyangwe iyo yekumisikidza iri pamusoro peCMC. Panguva ino, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa detergent munzvimbo yepakati. Semuenzaniso, kana paine tsvina yakawanda pamacuffs uye collar yenguo, dhizaini ye detergent inogona kuiswa panguva yekugeza kuti iwedzere solubilizing mhedzisiro yeiyo surfactant pamafuta.
②Tembiricha ine simba rakakosha pane decontamination chiito. Kazhinji, kuwedzera tembiricha kunobatsira kubviswa kwetsvina, asi dzimwe nguva yakanyanya tembiricha inogona kukonzera kukanganisa.
Kuwedzera kwekushisa kunobatsira kupararira kwetsvina, girizi yakasimba inogadziriswa nyore nyore pamatembiricha pamusoro penzvimbo yekunyungudika kwayo uye mafibhi anowedzera mukuzvimba nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa, izvo zvese zvinofambisa kubviswa kwetsvina. Nekudaro, kune machira akaomesesa, iyo microgaps pakati pemafibhi inoderedzwa sezvo fiber inowedzera, izvo zvinokanganisa kubviswa kwetsvina.
Shanduko yetembiricha inokanganisawo kunyungudika, kukosha kweCMC uye saizi micelle yeva surfactants, nokudaro zvichikanganisa kugeza. Kunyungudika kwema surfactants ane marefu kabhoni cheni kwakadzikira pakudziya kwakaderera uye dzimwe nguva solubility yakatodzika kupfuura kukosha kweCMC, saka tembiricha yekuwachisa inofanirwa kusimudzwa zvakakodzera. Mhedzisiro yekushisa pane CMC kukosha uye micelle saizi yakasiyana kune ionic uye isiri-ionic surfactants. Kune ionic surfactants, kuwedzera kwekushisa kunowanzo wedzera kukosha kweCMC uye kunoderedza ukuru hwemicelle, zvinoreva kuti kusangana kwesurfactant mumhinduro yekuwachisa kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa. Kune vasiri-ionic surfactants, kuwedzera kwekushisa kunokonzera kuderera kweCMC kukosha uye kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwemicelle, saka zviri pachena kuti kuwedzera kwakakodzera kwekushisa kuchabatsira iyo isiri-ionic surfactant kuti iite basa rayo repamusoro. . Zvisinei, tembiricha haifanire kudarika gore rayo.
Muchidimbu, iyo yakanyanya kushambidzika tembiricha inoenderana neyakagadzirwa detergent uye chinhu chiri kugezwa. Mamwe ma detergent ane yakanaka detergent effect patembiricha yekamuri, asi mamwe ane detergency yakasiyana zvakanyanya pakati pekutonhora nekushambidzika kunopisa.
③ Furo
Itsika kuvhiringa simba rinopupuma newashing effect, uchitenda kuti detergents ine high furo power ine yakanaka yekuwachisa. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti hapana hukama hwakananga pakati pekugezesa maitiro uye huwandu hwefuro. Semuyenzaniso, kugeza nemichina inopupuma yakaderera haina basa shoma pane kugeza nemichina inopupuma furo.
Kunyange zvazvo furo isingabatanidzi zvakananga nekugeza, pane dzimwe nguva iyo inobatsira kubvisa tsvina, somuenzaniso, pakusuka ndiro nemaoko. Paunenge uchikwesha makapeti, furo rinogonawo kubvisa guruva uye zvimwe zvimedu zvetsvina yakasimba, kapeti tsvina inoisa chikamu chikuru cheguruva, saka vamiririri vekuchenesa kapeti vanofanirwa kuve nehumwe hwekupupa.
Simba rekupupa rakakoshawo kune shampoos, uko furo rakanaka rinogadzirwa nemvura panguva yekugeza neshamposi kana kugeza rinosiya bvudzi richinzwa rakazora uye rakasununguka.
④ Mhando dzemafayibha uye zvemuviri zvimiro zvemachira
Mukuwedzera kune chimiro chemakemikari yefibers, iyo inokanganisa kusungirirwa uye kubviswa kwetsvina, kutaridzika kwemafibhi uye kurongeka kweshinda uye jira kune simba pane nyore kubvisa tsvina.
Zviyero zveshinda dzemakushe uye marabhoni akakomberedzwa akati sandara eshinda dzedonje zvinonyanya kuunganidza tsvina pane shinda dzakatsetseka. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni dema yakasvibiswa pamafirimu e-cellulose (mafirimu e-viscose) ari nyore kubvisa, nepo kabhoni dema yakasvibiswa pamicheka yekotoni yakaoma kugeza. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekuti machira mapfupi-fiber akagadzirwa nepolyester anowanzo kuunganidza mavara emafuta kupfuura machira efayibha refu, uye mavara emafuta pamachira mapfupi-fiber anonetsawo kubvisa kupfuura mavara emafuta pamicheka refu-fiber.
Shinda dzakarukwa dzakasimba uye machira akaomesesa, nekuda kwekagero kadiki pakati pemafibhi, anogona kuramba kupinda kwetsvina, asi zvakafanana zvinogona kudzivirira mvura yekuwachisa kusabvisa tsvina yemukati, saka machira akasimba anotanga kuramba tsvina yakanaka, asi kana yakasvibiswa. kuwacha zvakare kwakaoma.
⑤ Kuoma kwemvura
Iko kusanganiswa kweCa2 +, Mg2 + uye mamwe maion simbi mumvura ane simba guru pakugadzirisa kugeza, kunyanya apo anionic surfactants inosangana neCa2 + uye Mg2 + ions inogadzira calcium uye magnesium munyu iyo isinganyanyi kunyunguduka uye inoderedza detergency yayo. Mumvura yakaoma, kunyange kana iyo surfactant yakakwira, iyo detergency ichiri yakaipisisa kupfuura mune distillation. Kuti iyo surfactant iite yakanakisa yekugezesa maitiro, kusanganiswa kweCa2 + ions mumvura kunofanirwa kuderedzwa kusvika 1 x 10-6 mol / L (CaCO3 kusvika 0.1 mg / L) kana pasi. Izvi zvinoda kuwedzerwa kwezvinyoro zvakasiyana-siyana kune detergent.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-25-2022