Iyo inodonha simba rechinzvimbo chero urefu hwenyika pamusoro peiyo mvura inonzi iyo nzvimbo yekunyepedzera, uye iyo initi iri n. · mei-1.
Iyo pfuma yekuderedza nzvimbo yekunyepedzera kweiyo solvent inodaidzwa kuti nzvimbo yezviitiko, uye chinhu chine zvinhu izvi zvinonzi chinhu chinodaidzwa.
Iyo yepamusoro-inoshanda chinhu chinogona kusunga mamorekuru mumhinduro uye fomu micelles uye mamwe masangano, achinge ave nemhedzisiro yekunyorova, achipupuma, etc. anonzi surfactant.
Surfactant ndeye makomputa akakosha uye zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya kusawirirana pakati pematanho maviri kana kuti mvura yemvura), nekunyorova, kupupuma, kugeza uye zvimwe zvivakwa.
Panyaya yeiyo chimiro, surfachantswa ine chimwe chinhu chakajairika mune izvo zvine mapoka maviri ezvisikwa zvakasiyana mumamolecha avo. Pane imwe mugumo inguva refu yekamuri isiri-polar, solullble mumafuta uye kusakwana mumvura, anozivikanwa se hydrophobic boka kana boka remvura. Boka rakadaro-rinodzoreredzwa rinowanzove ngetani refu dze hydrocarbons, dzimwe nguva kuti organic fluorine, silicon Iyo hydrophilic boka rinofanira kunge rakaringana hydrophic kuti rive nechokwadi chekuti surfacts ese akanyura mumvura uye ine iyo inodiwa salubility. Sezvo surfachers ine hydrophilic uye hydrophobic mapoka, vanogona kuve vakanyura mune imwe chete yeimwe yematanho emvura. Iyi hydrophilic uye lipopic midziyo yemuridzi wemunhu anonzi Amphiphilibilication.
Surfactant iri mhando yemamorhubhilic mamorekuru neiyo hydrophobic uye hydrophilic mapoka. Mapoka eHydrophobic eSurfacts anowanzoumbwa nekara-keteni hydrocarbons, yakadai seyakawoneka-ketani-carkyl c8 ~ ~ carbon Musiyano uyo uri mudiki pakati pehydrophobic mapoka anonyanya kugadzirwa shanduko yeiyo hydrocarbon ngetani. Uye mhando dzemapoka eHydrophic mapoka akawanda, saka zvivakwa zve surfers Shanduko yemhando dzehydrophilic mapoka akakura kupfuura iya yemapoka ehydrophic, saka kuiswa kweSurfactants kunowanzoenderana nechimiro chemapoka eHydrophic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophilic mapoka eHydrophili. Kugadziriswa uku kwakavakirwa pane kuti iyo hydrophic boka iri ionic kana kuti kwete, uye zvakakamurwa neanonic, cationic, zwitterionic uye mamwe marudzi makuru eSurfectors.
① Adsorption yeSurfaers
Surfactant mamorekuru ndeye ampiphilic mamorekuru ane mapoka emiromo uye mapoka ehydropilic. Panovaira pakasviba Iyo yakawanda mamairalital molecules (kana ion) inodhindwa pane iyo interface, iyo kuderedzwa kwekudzikisira kwekunetseka kwekunetseka.
② Zvimwe zvivakwa zve adsorption membrane
Kumisikidzwa kweAdsorption Memrane: Surfactant Adsorption pagesi yekunyudza Memrani, sheething isingabvumirwe menduru.
Surpenity viscosity: Kufanana nekumanikidza kwekumanikidza, kumisikidza viscosity inzvimbo yakaratidziridzwa ne insoluble molecular membrane. Yakatemerwa neyendege yerudzi rwesimbi yedanda, kutenderera kwemvura yeTangi, rotestinum remu-platinu yePlatoshsi yekukanganisa kwemvura, iyo inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kuora, zvinoenderana nekwaunogona kuyerwa. Maitiro ari: Kutanga, muyedzo unoitwa pane yakachena mvura pamusoro pekuora kweKutora kweKubuda, uye kuora uku mushure mekuumbwa kwemukati memrarura
Iyo yekuona yepamusoro ine hukama zvakanyanya nehukama hwepamusoro membrane, uye sezvo iyo adsorption membrane ine kumanikidzwa uye viscosity, inofanirwa kuve neyakakudzwa. Yakakwira kumanikidzwa kwepamhepo uye yakakwira zvikwangwani zveiyo adsorbed membrane, yakakwira iyo elastic modulus. Iyo elastic modulus yeiyo nzvimbo yekushongedza membrane yakakosha mune iyo nzira yeBubble stabilization.
③ Kuumbwa kweMicelle
Mhinduro dzakaderera dze surfachers dzvene dzevira mitemo inoteverwa nemhinduro dzakakodzera. Huwandu hweSurfactant Adsorbed pamusoro peMhinduro inowedzera neyekudzika kwemhinduro, uye kana iyo yekushambadzira isingazowedzera, uye aya mamaira ekupfeka ari mumhinduro mune imwe nzira nenzira ishazha kana neimwe nzira. Muitiro uyu wose uye dzidziso inoratidza kuti vanogadzira ushamwari mumhinduro, uye idzi shamwari dzinonzi micelles.
Akakosha MECELE Connede (CMC): Iyo shoma yekuvhara iyo iyo surfachers fomu micelles mune mhinduro inonzi iyo minelle myolle memolle.
④ CMC inokoshesa yevanowanzoitika surfaacant.
Hlb ndiyo chidimbu che hydrophile likephile chiyero, chinoratidza iyo hydrophilic uye lipophic lights yeiyo hydrophilic uye lipophic mapoka ezvekuona siractant, ie, iyo hlb kukosha kweiyo surfantant. Iko kukoshesa kukuru kweHLB kunoratidza iyo molecule ine hydrofiromizi yakaipa uye kushaya simba lifwipoti; kutendeuka, liphilikuti yakasimba uye isina kusimba hydrophilikuti.
① Kugadziriswa kweHLB kukosha
Iko kukosha kweHLB kukosha kwehukama, saka kana iyo HLB kukosha kwacho, iyo HLB kukosha kweSodium Dodics Hlb tsika isingasviki gumi ndeye lipeilic, nepo avo vakakura kupfuura gumi vari hydrophilic. Nekudaro, kushandura nzvimbo kubva kune lipoplic kuti hydrophilic inenge gumi.
Zvichienderana neHLB tsika dzeSurfacts, pfungwa yakajairika yekushandiswa kwavo kwazvinogona kuwanikwa kunogona kuwanikwa, sezvakaratidzwa mutafura 1-3.
Maviri akaomeswa manyoro ezvinwiwa, mumwe akapararira mune imwe seyakagadzirwa (madonhwe kana madonhwe emvura) anoumba hurongwa hunonzi emulsion. Iyi tsika ndeye thermodynamocy isina kugadzikana nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemuganhu wezvinhu zviviri zvinwiwa kana emulsion ichiumbwa. Kuti uite kuti gadzike kuti gadzike, zvakafanira kuwedzera chikamu chetatu - emulsifier kuti uderedze simba rekunzwisisa rehurongwa. Emulsifier ndere surfantant, chikuru basa ndechekuita basa remhungu. Chikamu cheMelsion chinowanikwa semadonhwe anonzi madonhwe anodzingwa (kana chikamu chemukati, chidimbu chomukati), uye chimwe chikamu chakabatanidzwa chinonzi chinoparadzaniswa pakati (kana chikamu chekunze, chinoenderera chikamu).
① emulsifiers uye emulsions
Mberi yakajairika, chikamu chimwe chete imvura, chimwe chikamu chechigadzirwa chakapatsanurwa nemvura, et. inoratidzwa seW / O (mvura / mafuta). Yakaomarara mvura-mu-mvura-mumvura W / o / W Type uye Mafuta-mu-Mvura-mu-Mafuta O / W / O Type Vakawanda-Emultions inogona kuumbwa.
Emulsifiers anoshandiswa kusimbisa emulsions nekudzora kusangana kwekunetseka uye kugadzira imwe-molecule interfcial membrane.
Mukugadziriswa kweiyo eMulsifier zvinodiwa:
A: EMLSIFIER inofanirwa kuve inokwanisa kushambadzira kana kufumisa iyo interface pakati pezvikamu zviviri, zvekuti kusagadzikana kwekunetseka kwakaderedzwa;
B: EMLSIFIER inofanirwa kupa zvidimbu kune mhosva, kuitira kuti vabatikere kurudziro pakati pezvikamu, kana kugadzira viscous yakagadzikana, yakanyanya yekudzivirira membroni kutenderedza zvikamu.
Naizvozvo, iyo chinhu chinoshandiswa sechipo cheMulsifier chinofanira kuve nemapoka amphiphilic kuitira kuti vazive, uye surfacts inogona kusangana ichi chinodiwa.
② Kugadzirira nzira dzekurumbidza uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nekugadzikana kwemelsions
Pane nzira mbiri dzekugadzirira emulsions: Imwe ndeye kushandisa iyo nzira yemuchina yekuparadzira mvura mune zvidiki zvidimbu mune imwe mvura, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mune indasitiri kugadzirira emulsions; Imwe yacho ndeyekunyungudika mvura mumanyorero mamiriro mune imwe mvura, uye wobva waita kuti iunganidze zvakanaka kuti vagadzire emulsions.
Kugadzikana kwe emulsion ndiko kugona kwekurwisa-tsicle Aggregation iyo inotungamira kupatsanurana chikamu. Emulsions ndeye thermodynamocy isina kugadzikana masisitimu ane simba rakakura remahara. Naizvozvo, iyo inonzi kugadzikana kwe emulsion ndeye nguva inodikanwa kuti system yacho isvike kuenzana, kureva, iyo nguva inodiwa pakuparadzaniswa kwechimwe chezvinhu zviri muhurongwa.
Kana iyo interfcial membrane ine mafuta altyHols, mafuta ecids uye mafuta emamolecules mamalecules, sosi yemamoreji zvakanyanya kupfuura. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, mune interfcial adsorption yeeMulsifier mamorekuru uye acids uye maAppines uye mamwe ma molecules kuti aumbe "mataira"
Emulsifiers inosanganisira anopfuura maviri surfacers anonzi akasanganiswa emulsifiers. Yakasanganiswa emulsifier adsorbed paiyo mvura / mafuta interface; Intermolecular chiito chinogona kuumba zvakaoma. Nekuda kweiyo yakasimba intermolecular chiito, kuwirirana kwakasimba kwakadzikira, huwandu hwe emulsifier zvakadhindwa pane iyo interface yakawedzera zvakanyanya, kuumbwa kwemanzwiro embrane kuwedzera kwesensity anowedzera, simba rinowedzera.
Mhosva yemichero yemvura ine kukosha kwakakosha pakugadzikana kwe emulsion. Mbiru dzakasarudzika, dzaive nemichero yemvura inowanzopihwa. Kana Ionic emulsifier ichishandiswa, iyo emulsifier ion adsorbed pane iyo lipeil Boka rakaiswa muhari yeiyo uye iyo hydrophic boka riri muchikamu chemvura, zvobva zvaita kuti madhiri emvura apiwe. Sezvo emulsion inobaya nemhosva imwe cheteyo, vanodzinganisa, hazvisi nyore kujaira, kuti kusasimba kuchiwedzera. Inogona kuoneka kuti iyo emulsifier is adsorbred pamakumbo, iyo yekuroora, iyo yekuwedzera kugona kudzivirira mabhebhi kubva kujairination, iyo yakawanda yakagadzikana system emulsion.
Iyo visikopo ye emulsion kupararira yepakati pakati ine imwe pesvedzero pakugadzikana kwe emulsion. Kazhinji, iyo yepamusoro zvivakwa zvekuparadzira svikiro, yakakwira kugadzikana kwe emulsion. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti viscosity yekupararira yakakura, iyo ine simba rakasimba pane iyo brownian yekufamba kwemvura uye inononoka kudzvanywa pakati pemachira akagadzikana. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvePolymer zvinogona kunyungudutswa mumabhisimita anogona kuwedzera visikopa yehurongwa uye kuita kuti kusimba kwemulsions kumusoro. Uye zvakare, polymers inogona zvakare kuumba yakasimba yemukati membrane, ichiita kuti gadziriro yemulsion yakawedzera.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzera kwetsimba yakasimba kunogona kuitawo kuti emulsion inowanzoita kuti isimbise. Solid poda iri mumvura, oiri kana interface, inoenderana nemafuta, mvura pane yakanyanya kuwanda ine mvura, asi yakanyoroveswa nemafuta, icharamba iri mumvura uye mafuta emvura.
Iyo yakasimba poda haigadzi kuti gadzike nekuti hupfu hwakaunganidzwa pamanyorero emberi, saka zvakanyanyisa kushamwaridzana kwemanyorerwo emamolekita
Surfacts ane kugona kuwedzera zvakanyanya solubility yezvinhu zvisingaoneki kana zvishoma zvemvura-midziyo midziyo mushure mekuumba micelles mumvura mhinduro, uye mhinduro iri pachena panguva ino. Mhedzisiro iyi yeMicelle inonzi Solubilization. Iyo siracant iyo inogona kuburitsa Solubilization inonzi Solubilizer, uye iyo organic zvinhu iyo iyo Solubilised inonzi Solubilised nyaya.
Foam inotamba yakakosha basa mukushambidza maitiro ekushambidza. Foam inzvimbo inopararira iyo gasi rinopararira mumvura kana kuti yakasimba, ine gasi rakadhindwa svutugadzike, semafashoni akasimba, akadai akasimudzwa, akasimudzwa girazi.
(1) Foam Kuumbwa
NaFoam Tinoreva pano papi neggregate yemhepo mabhuru akaparadzaniswa nemamiperi emvura. Iyi mhando yebhurubvu inogara ichienda kune iyo yemvura pamusoro pemusiyano wakakura mukuwedzera pakati penzvimbo inoparadzirwa (gasi) uye mvura), yakasanganiswa neyakaderera viscosity yemvura.
Maitiro ekugadzira bubble ndeyekuunza huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi mumvura, uye mabhuruku mumvura nekukurumidza kudzokera kumusoro, kugadzira iyo yakaunganidzwa yemabubble yakaparadzaniswa nehuwandu hwegasi hwemvura.
Foam ine maitiro maviri akakosha maererano ne morphology: imwe ndeyekuti mabhurugwa sechipangamabwe chemafirimu, pane iyo mabhuruku ana polyhedral, apo iyo firimu yemvura ichitungamira kune imwe nhanho, inotungamira kuBubble kuputika; Yechipiri ndeyekuti zvinwiwa zvakachena hazvigone kuumba foam yakagadzikana, iyo mvura inogona kuumba foam ndeye kanenge kaviri zvinhu. Mhinduro dzemukati dzemvura dzemaSurfects dzine magadzirirwo emarudzi anowanzoita chizvarwa, uye kugona kwavo kuburitsa foam kunoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu.
Surfacts ine yakanaka yekupupuma simba anonzi anopinza vamiriri. Kunyangwe mumiririri wekupupuma ane kugona kwakanaka, asi foam yakaumbwa inogona kunge isingakwanise kuchengetedza nguva yakareba, ndiko kuti, kugadzikana kwayo hakungo rakanaka. Kuti uchengetedze kugadzikana kwehuputi, kazhinji mumumiriri wekupembera kuti awedzere kugadzikana kwehuputi, zvinowanzoshandiswa Stabilizer Dieryl dietanolanoline uye dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) kugadzikana kweiyo foam
Foam is a Thermody isina kugadzikana system uye iyo yekupedzisira maitiro ndeyekuti iyo yakazara nzvimbo yemvura mukati mehurongwa inoderera mushure mekunge bubble yakaputsika uye simba remahara rinopera. Maitiro ekutsemuka ndiwo maitiro ayo iyo membrane yemvura inoparadzanisa gasi inova yakakora uye yakaonda kusvikira yapera. Naizvozvo, degree rekugadzikana kweiyo foam inonyanya kutsanangurwa nekumhanya kwemvura discharge uye simba refirimu remvura. Izvi zvinotevera zvinofurira izvi.
(3) Foam Kuparadza
Iyo nheyo yekutanga yekuparadzwa kwehupfumi ndeyekuchinja mamiriro ayo anogadzira iyo foam kana kubvisa zvinhu zvinodzikamisa zvehuputi, saka kune nzira dzese dzemuviri uye dzemakemikari.
Kuzeya kwepanyama kunoreva kushandura mamiriro ezvemamiriro echigadzirwa paunenge uchichengetedza kuumbwa kwemakemikari eiyo foam solution, yakadai sekusimbirira kana kurapa kwekutanga
Iyo yemakemikari yekushambadzira nzira ndeyekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu kuti uderedze mumiririri wekupedza simba kuti uderedze firimu remvura muFoam kuti uwane chinangwa chekusunungurwa, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinonzi defoamers. Vazhinji vevakashamisika vane surfaers. Naizvozvo, maererano nemashini ekusazvibata, defoamer anofanira kunge aine kugona kwakasimba kuderedza nzvimbo yekunetseka
Kune akasiyana siyana emhando dze defoamer, asi zvakanyanyisa, ivo vese vasiri-ionic surfers. Asiri-ionic surfachers ane anti-foaming zvivakwa padyo kana pamusoro pegore ravo regore uye kazhinji anoshandiswa sevane defoamers. Alcohols.
(4) foam uye kugeza
Iko hakuna chakananga chakanyorwa pakati pe foam uye kugeza kushanda uye huwandu hwehuputi hunoratidza kushanda kwekushambidza. Semuenzaniso, surfacants is surfact
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, foam inogona kubatsira mukubvisa tsvina uye grime. Semuenzaniso, pavanenge vachigeza ndiro mumba, iyo foam yekushongedza inobata madonhwe emakonzo uye kana ichikanda makonzo, foam inobatsira kutora guruva, hupfu uye imwe tsvina yakasimba. Mukuwedzera, foam inogona dzimwe nguva kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekushanda kweshanduro. Nekuti mafuta ane mafuta ane simba rekutsiva pane iyo foam yeiyo detergent, kana paine mafuta akawandisa uye akawandisa defenti, hapana foam inogadzirwa kana iyo yekutanga foam ichanyangarika. Foam inogona zvakare kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekuchena kweshinda, seyakaenzana nekupokana kwekusimbisa kwekudzora nekudzora kweshanduro, saka huwandu hwehuputi hunogona kushandiswa kuongorora mwero wekukanda.
Mune imwe pfungwa yakafara, kugeza ndiyo nzira yekubvisa zvinhu zvisingadiwe kubva pachinhu chinofanira kusukwa uye kuzadzisa chimwe chinangwa. Kugeza mune yakajairwa pfungwa kunoreva maitiro ekubvisa tsvina kubva pamusoro pevatakuri. Kushambidza, kudyidzana pakati petsvina uye mutakuri kunoremerwa kana kubviswa nezviito zveimwe makemikari zvinhu (eg, kuitira kuti abatanidzwe, uye pakupedzisira iyo tsvina yakaparadzaniswa kubva kumutakuri. Sezvo zvinhu zvacho zvinofanirwa kushambidzwa uye tsvina kuti chibviswe zvakasiyana, kugeza chinhu chakaoma kwazvo uye maitiro ekushambadzira anogona kuratidzwa mune inotevera hukama.
Carrie did + detergent = mutakuri + drt · desgengent
Maitiro ekushambidza anogona kukamurwa kuita matanho maviri: Chekutanga, pasi pechiitiko chekudzvinyirira, iyo tsvina yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune inotakura kwazvo; Kechipiri, tsvina yakasungwa yakaparadzirwa uye yakamiswa mudivi. Maitiro ekushambidza ishandiswe yekuchinja uye tsvina yakapararira uye yakamiswa musium inogona zvakare kuongororwa kubva kune iyo svikiro kune chinhu chiri kushambidzwa. Naizvozvo, kushamwaridzana kwakanaka kunofanirwa kuve nekugona kuparadzira nekumisa tsvina uye kudzivirira recemition yetsvina, kuwedzera kune kugona kubvisa tsvina kubva kune inotakura.
(1) mhando dze tsvina
Kunyangwe kwechinhu chimwe chete, mhando, kuumbwa uye huwandu hwetsvina kunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo iyo inoshandiswa. Mafuta emuviri anonyanya kuve nemhuka uye nemiriwo mafuta uye mafuta emaminerari (akadai semafuta asina kuchena, eth. tsvina kubva pakudya, senge michero yemichero, inobika mafuta madhiri, condiment stain, starch, etc.; tsvina kubva kune cosmetics, senge lipstick, zvipikiri zvipikiri, nezvimwewo.; tsvina kubva mumhepo yemhepo, senge soot, guruva, matope, nezvimwe.; Vamwe, vakadai se inki, tii, kuunganidza, etc. inouya mumhando dzakasiyana siyana.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzesimbi dzinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: yakasimba tsvina, tsvina yakasviba uye tsvina yakakosha.
① yakasimba tsvina
Zvakajairika zvakasviba zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira zvidimbu zveAsh, matope, pasi, ngura uye kabhoni dema. Zvizhinji zvezvidimbu izvi zvine chemagetsi chemagetsi pamusoro pavo Simbi yakasimba kazhinji yakaoma kunyungudika mumvura, asi inogona kuparadzirwa uye kumiswa nemhinduro dzekusimbisa. Yakasimba tsvina ine diki misa point inonyanya kuoma kubvisa.
② mvura yemvura
Dhizaini yemvura inonyanya ku-svutugadzike, kusanganisira chigadzirwa uye mhuka yemafuta emhuka, macids ane mafuta, macarty ane mafuta, emaminerari uye nzombe. Pakati pavo, zvidyarwa uye mafuta emhuka, sapitial saponols anogona kuitika naAlkali. Mafuta-anonyura mvura tsvina kazhinji ine simba rakasimba neFiber zvinhu, uye rakanyonganiswa zvakasimba pamitsipa.
③ Yakakosha tsvina
Skrati rakakosha rinosanganisira mapuroteni, nhungamiro, neropa, zvigoma zvevanhu zvakadai se ziya, sebum, urini uye muto wemichero uye teu yemichero. Vazhinji verudzi urwu rwetsvina inogona kuve nemakemikari uye yakasimba adsorbed pane fiber zvinhu. Naizvozvo, zvakaoma kugeza.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzesimbi dzisingawanzo kuwanikwa ndega, asi dzinowanzobatanidzwa pamwe chete uye dzakashambadzirwa pachinhu. Tsvina inogona dzimwe nguva ingangove yexidized, yakagadzirirwa kana kuora pasi pekunze simba, nekudaro kugadzira tsvina nyowani.
(2) kushushikana kwetsvina
Nguo, maoko etc. inogona kuve yakasvibiswa nekuti kune imwe mhando yekudyidzana pakati pechinhu uye tsvina. Tsvina inonamatira kune zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana, asi hapana zvinopfuura zvinopfuura zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari anoshorwa.
①The kushamwaridzana kwesoot, guruva, matope uye jecha uye marasha kune zvipfeko kudenheni remuviri. Kazhinji, kuburikidza nekudanwa uku kwetsvina, uye chikamu pakati pechinhu chakaiswa chisina kusimba, kubviswa kwetsvina zvakare iri nyore. Sekureva kwemasimba akasiyana, kudenha kwemuviri kwetsvina kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvekushambadzira uye elektrostatic kushushikana.
A: Mechanic Adernic
Rudzi urwu rwekudyidzana runonyanya kureva kuderedza kune imwe tsvina yakasimba (semuenzaniso, guruva, matope nejecha). Mechancal Designer ndeimwe yemhando isina kusimba yeiyo yakasarudzika yetsvina uye inogona kubviswa inenge nzira dzakasarudzika, asi kana tsvina yacho idiki (<0.100), zvakanyanyisa kubvisa.
B: Electrostatic ADhesion
Electrostatic kushamwaridzana kunonyanya kuratidzwa mune chiitiko chekubhadharisa zvimiti zvevhu pane zvakatarisana zvinobhadharwa zvinhu. Zvinhu zvakawanda kwazvo zvinopihwa zvisina kunaka mumvura uye zvinogona kuinyengerera kune vamwe vakanyatsobhadharwa tsvina, senge marudzi erimende. Dzimwe tsvina, kunyangwe dzakapomedzerwa zvisina kunaka, dzakapfeka zvisina kukodzera, dzakadai sekabhoni dema zvikamu mumatare mumvura,
Electrostatic chiito chakasimba pane kuita kwakareruka kuita, kuita kuti kubvisa tsvina kwakaoma.
② Cemical Adhisheni
Kemical Dhizsion inoreva nezvenyaya yeiyo tsvina ichiita pane chimwe chinhu kuburikidza nemakemikari kana hydrogen zvisungo. Semuenzaniso, polar yakasimba tsvina, protein, ngura uye mamwe mafaira ane carboxyl, hydroxyl, mapoka ane mafuta ane mafuta ari nyore kuumba hydrogen zvisungo zveHydrogen. Masimba emakemikari anowanzo kuve akasimba uye tsvina iyi yakasungwa zvakanyatso kusungwa nechinhu. Rudzi urwu rwetsvina rwakaoma kubvisa nenzira dzakajairwa uye dzinoda nzira dzinokosha kuti dziite nazvo.
Dhigirii rekusvitswa kwetsvina ine hukama nehunhu hwechisimba pacharo nechimiro chechinhu icho chakanamatwa. Kazhinji, zvidimbu zvinonamira nyore nyore kune zvinhu zvinyoronyoro. Izvo zvidiki izvo zvinyorwa zveiyo yakasimba tsvina, iyo yakasimba kuderera. Polar tsvina pane hydrophilic zvinhu zvakaita sekotoni uye girazi inonamatira zvakanyanya pane isina-polar tsvina. Asiri-polar tsvina inonamatira zvakanyanya kupfuura tsvina yePolar, yakadai sePolar mafuta, guruva ne ivhu, uye rakaderera kubvisa uye rakachena.
(3) tsvina kubvisa mechani
Chinangwa chekushambidza ndechekubvisa tsvina. Mune svikiro yeimwe tembiricha (kunyanya mvura). Uchishandisa akasiyana-siyana emuviri uye emakemikari ekutsikisa kuti ape simba kana kubvisa mauto ezvesvina, akadai arikuparadza kwemauto, jix yekushambadzira uye kuti isina tsvina uye yakashambidzwa zvinhu kubva pachinangwa chekushongedzwa.
① muchimiro chekubvisa mvura midziyo yekubvisa
A: kunyorova
Mvura souring inonyanya ku-mafuta-yakavakirwa. Oiri inocheka zvinhu zvinyoro-nyoro uye nekuparadzira zvimwe kana zvishoma semufirimu emafuta pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvechifananidzo. Nhanho yekutanga mukushambidza chiito ndeyekunyorova kwemukati nekushambidza mvura. Nekuda kwemifananidzo, pamusoro peiyo fiber inogona kufungwa seyakaomeswa sosi yakasimba.
B: Oiri Dustachment - Curling Mechanism
Nhanho yechipiri mukushambidza kwekushambidza kwemafuta uye mafuta, kubviswa kwemvura tsvina kunowanikwa nerudzi rwechirume. Iyo tsvina yemvura yatanga iripo pamusoro peiyo fomu yekushambadzira yemafuta yemifinhi, uye pasi peiyo sizi yemvura.
② Schenism yeiyo yakasimba tsvina kubviswa
Kubviswa kwemvura kunonyanya kuve nekunyorova kwekutakura kwetsvina nekushambadzira kwekushambadzira, apo iyo yekushambidza inonyanya kuongorora pamusoro peiyo tsvina yeiyo yakasviba uye inotakura nzvimbo yekushambidza nemhinduro yekushambidza. Nekuda kwesangano revaridzi ve surfers
Uye zvakare, iyo adsorption yeasurachers Solid kana kuti kazhinji fibrous nzvimbo dzinowanzo kubhadharwa mumvura mumvura uye saka inogona kuumbwa kaviri zvemagetsi zvemagetsi pane tsvina misa kana yakasimba nzvimbo. Nekuda kwekudzora kwehomogendious mhosva yakasimba, iyo yekushambidzika yemidziyo yemvura mumvura kune iyo yakasimba nzvimbo isina kusimba. Kana munhu weAnonic Surfactant anowedzerwa, nekuti ingowedzera nguva imwe chete pasi pechinhu chakashata chesimbi uye chakasimba chakasimbiswa
Vasiri-ionic surfachantswa vanobatwa pane zvakajairwa nzvimbo yakasimba uye kunyangwe vasinganyatsochinja mukana wekuita, iyo ionic surch
Panyaya yeCationas surfachants, kushambadzira kwavo kunoderedza kana kubvisa zvakaipa pamusoro pehusimbe uye kutakura kwaro, iyo inoderedza kusviba nepamusoro uye saka haina kubereka kutsvuka kubviswa; Uyezve, mushure mekushambadzira pane yakasimba nzvimbo, cationic surfacts inowanzo shandura solid solid hydrophobic uye saka haina kubereka kumavhara uye saka kugeza.
Kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzinokosha
Protein, Starch, Zvikamu Zvevanhu, Juice yemichero, Tea muto uye mamwe tsvina yakadaro yakaoma kubvisa neyakajairika surfachan uye inoda kurapwa kwakakosha.
Mapuroteni anokwana kasikana, mazai, ropa, mukaka uye ganda legrreta vanowanzoita kuti riwedzere pamhepo uye kuora uye kuwana kusimba kwakasimba. Protein soling inogona kubviswa nekushandisa rimal. Iyo enzyme redme kuzadza mapuroteni ari mumarara mune mvura-soluble amino acids kana oligoppipedes.
Starch Starns inonyanya kubva kune zvekudya zvekudya, vamwe vakadai sechigadzirwa, glue nezvimwewo.
Lipase Contalyzes yekuita kweTriglycerides, iyo yakaoma kubvisa nenzira dzakajairika, dzakadai semashasha uye mafuta anodzika, uye anovapwanya-svutugadzike.
Mamwe madhiri emavara kubva muuye michero. Aya madhiri anogona kubviswa neye redox maitiro ane oxidizing kana kuderedza mumiririri akadai sekutakura
(4) Stain kubvisa mechanism yekuchenesa yakaoma
Izvo zviri pamusoro ndezvechokwadi zvemvura sepakati pekugeza. Muchokwadi, nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipfeko uye chimiro, zvimwe zvipfeko zvichishandisa kugeza kwemvura hazvisi nyore kugeza, nezvimwewo zvisikwa zvinodhaka, uye zviri nyore uye zviri nyore kupererwa, saka mushure mekushambidzwa zvicharemara; Nekushambidza machena zvigadzirwa zvakare zvinowanzonzwika shrinkage phenomenon, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemumvura nekushambidza kwemvura zviri nyore kupererwa, kuchinja kwemavara; Dzimwe siriki ruoko runonzwika runotendeuka mushure mekugeza uye kurasikirwa nekumusha kwavo. Nekuti idzi nguo dzinowanzoshandisa nzira yekuomeswa-yekuchenesa yekushongedza. Iyo inonzi yakaoma yakaoma kuchenesa kazhinji inoreva iyo yekugezesa nzira mu organic sols, kunyanya mune isiri-polar sol.
Kuchenesa kwakaoma ndeyekunyunyuta fomu yekushambidza kupfuura kugeza kwemvura. Nekuti kucheneswa kwakaoma hakudi kuita zviito zvakawanda, hazvikonzerese kukuvara, kuhukura uye kushambadzira kune zvipfeko, nepo mvura yekuchenesa, isina kufanana nemvura, isingawanzo kubereka kuwedzera uye kuwirirana. Chero bedzi tekinoroji yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka, zvipfeko zvinogona kuoma kucheneswa pasina kukanganisa, ruvara runopera uye hupenyu hwebasa.
Panyaya yekuchenesa yakaoma, kune matatu marudzi emajeti ekutsvinya.
①OL-Soluble Dirt Oiri-Svutugadzike Sedhiti inosanganisira marudzi ese emafuta uye mafuta, ayo ari mvura kana mafuta uye anogona kunyungudutswa mune yakaoma yekuchenesa sol.
②water-soluble tsvina yemvura-svutugadzike yemvura inokwira mumvura, asi kwete mune yakaoma yekuchenesa, inoshamwaridzana nemvura yemvura, sourares inoshatisa, smarch, strar, protin, nezvimwe.
③oil uye mvura insoluble tsvina mafuta uye mvura insoluble tsvina haina kunyatso nyarara mumvura kana kabhoni dema, sibhurani yemasimbi akasiyana-siyana uye etc.
Nekuda kwezvakasiyana zvemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzesimbi, pane nzira dzakasiyana dzekubvisa tsvina mune yakaoma-kuchenesa maitiro. Zviverengero zvemafuta-zvemafuta, zvakadai zvemhuka uye zvemafuta emiriwo, zvemafuta emakwenzi uye mafuta, zvinokatyamadza mu organic sols uye inogona kubviswa nyore nyore mukuchenesa kwakaoma. Iyo yakanakisa solubility yekuchenesa-kuchenesa sol sol soles uye makamera anowana kubva kuV Dr der madziro masimba pakati pemamorikisi.
Pakubviswa kwetsika-inoyera mvura senge marara emvura, mashuma, mapuroteni uye sweta. Nekudaro, mvura yakaoma kunyungudika mumubatanidzwa-yekuchenesa, saka kuti uwedzere huwandu hwemvura, iwe zvakare unofanirwa kuwedzera surfaers. Kuvapo kwemvura mune iyo yakaoma-yekuchenesa mumiririri inogona kugadzira iyo tsvina uye zvipfeko hydrate, kuitira kuti zviri nyore kupindirana nemapoka ehupamhi, ayo anokodzera kushambadzira kwemaseketa ari pamusoro. Uye zvakare, apo surfachers gadzira micelles, tsvina yemvura ine mvura nemvura inogona kugadziriswa mumicelle. Pamusoro pekuwedzera iyo yemvura yemvura yeiyo yakaoma-kuchenesa solvent, surfers
Kuvapo kweimwe madiki emvura kunodiwa kubvisa tsvina yemvura, asi mvura yakawandisa inogona kukonzera kukanganisa uye kuputira mune dzimwe mbatya, saka huwandu hwemumugwagwa hunoshambidzika hunofanirwa kunge uine mwero.
Tsvina isiriyo yemvura-svutugadzike, isina-mafuta, yakasimba-yakasimba, madhaka, pasi uye kabhoni dema, inowanzobatanidzwa nenguo nemagetsi magetsi kana musanganiswa nemafuta. Mukuchenesa kuoma, kuyerera kweSolvent, kukanganisa kwemagetsi ekusvitsa mumvura, kuti avo varegedze svutugadzike simbi. kudzoreredzwa kuchipfeko.
(5) zvinhu zvinokanganisa yekugeza chiito
Iyo nzira yekubvumirana kweSurfaacts kune iyo interface uye kuderedzwa kweSeprof (Interfcial) kushushikana ndiyo nzira huru mukubviswa kwemvura kana yakasimba tsvina. Nekudaro, iyo yekugezesa maitiro akaoma uye yekugeza, kunyangwe nemhando imwechete yekudzvinyirira, inokanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira kusangana kweiyo destgent, tembiricha, chimiro chevhu, rudzi rweferi uye chimiro chemucheka.
① SurfActant Constentration
Micellles of surfacts mune mhinduro inotamba yakakosha basa mukuwachira. Kana iko kusangana kwasvika kune iyo micelle micelle yekuvhara (CMC), iyo yekugezesa mhedzisiro inowedzera zvakapinza. Naizvozvo, kusunganidzwa kwekushandurwa kweSolvent kunofanirwa kuve kwakakwirira kupfuura iyo cmc kukosha kuve nekushambidza kwakanaka kwekushambidza. Nekudaro, kana kusarongeka kwekusimuka kwakakwirira kupfuura kweCMC kukosha, kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekushambadzira hakusi pachena uye hakuzi kudikanwa kuti uwedzere kusungwa kweSurcectant zvakawandisa.
Paunenge uchibvisa mafuta naSolubilization, iyo solubilization mari inowedzera nekuwedzera surceant yekusangana, kunyangwe kana iyo contentration iri pamusoro peCMC. Panguva ino, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa kudzora maitiro emuno epasi. Semuenzaniso, kana paine yakawanda tsvina pane cuffs uye collar yejasi, dura rekushambadzira rinogona kuiswa panguva yekugeza kuti riwedzere simba rekusimuka kwemafuta.
②temperature ine yakakosha pesvedzero pane yekushongedza chiito. Kazhinji, kuwedzera tembiricha kunogara kubviswa kwetsvina, asi dzimwe nguva kwakanyanya kupisa kunogona kukonzera zvakashata.
Kuwedzera kwe tembiricha kunofambisa kusimba kwetsvina, mafuta akasimba anokonzerwa nekupembera pamusoro pekunyungudika kwekunyungudika uye mafambiro anowedzera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa, zvese izvo zvinogonesa kubviswa kwetsvina. Nekudaro, kwemachira akaomeswa, microgapps pakati pemachira akaderedzwa sezvo mafuru anowedzera, ayo anokanganisa kubviswa kwetsvina.
Shanduko yekudziya inokanganisawo iyo solubility, cmc kukosha uye micelle saizi ye surfacts, nekudaro ichikanganisa iyo yekushambidza. Iyo solubility ye surficance ngetani marefu akaderera pane yakaderera tembiricha uye dzimwe nguva iyo solubility yakaderera pane iyo cmc kukosha, saka iyo tembiricha yekugezesa inofanira kumutswa nenzira kwayo. Mhedzisiro yekushisa pane cmc kukosha uye micelle size yakasiyana neindic uye isiri-ionic surasite. Kune Ionic surfalacts, kuwedzera tembiricha kazhinji kunowedzera kukosha kweCMC uye kuderedza iyo micelle saizi, zvinoreva kuti kusungwa kwesurasitiki mukuwedzera kunozowedzerwa. Zvekuti vasiri vechiSurficants, kuwedzera kwe tembiricha kunotungamira mukukosha kweCMC uye kuwedzera kwakakosha muMicell vhoriyamu, kuti kuwedzera kwakakodzera kuchabatsira isipo siractant yekushandisa zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, tembiricha haifanire kupfuura makore ayo.
Muchidimbu, tembiricha yekuwisira inovhara inotsamira pakugadzira maitiro uye chinhu chiri kushambidzwa. Vamwe vanodzora vane mishonga yakanaka yekushongedza mukamuri tembiricha, nepo vamwe vane zvakawanda zvekushambadzira pakati pekutonhora nekupisa.
③ foam
Iyo tsika yekuvhiringidza simba rekusimbisa nekushambidza, kutenda kuti mafungiro ane simba repamusoro-soro rekushambadzira kwakanaka. Tsvagurudzo yakaratidza kuti hapana hukama hwakananga pakati pekushambidza maitiro uye huwandu hwe foam. Semuenzaniso, kugeza nekudzikira kwemitsipa inodzvinyirira haina kunyatsobudirira pane kugeza nekushambidza kwakakwirira.
Kunyangwe Foam isina kuyanana zvakananga, pane zviitiko kana zvichibatsira kubvisa tsvina, semuenzaniso, kana uchisuka ndiro neruoko. Paunenge uchitsvenesa makapeti, foam inogona zvakare kutora guruva uye imwe yakasimba tsvina madhiri, kapepa dhiza nhoroondo yeguruva, saka makapeti ekuchenesa evamiriri anofanirwa kuve nehumwe hwekugona kupenga.
Simba rekupupa rakakoshawo kuti shampoos, ipo foam yakanaka yakagadzirwa nemvura panguva yekushambidza kana kugeza kunosiya bvudzi kunzwa uye kugadzikana.
④ Masareries yeFibers uye Zvepanyama Zvivakwa
Pamusoro pechigadzirwa chemakemikari ezvipenga, izvo zvinokanganisa kudengenyeka uye kubviswa kwetsvina, kutaridzika kwetambo uye sangano reiyo yarn uye mucheka zvine simba pane kusununguka kwekubvisa tsvina.
Zviyero zve mvere dzemvere uye iyo yakakwenenzverwa mbambo yemabbon yekotoni inowanzo kuunganidza tsvina kupfuura yakatsvedza. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni dema yakasungwa pa cellulose mafirimu (viscoose mafirimu) ari nyore kubvisa, nepo kabhoni dema yakasviba pamachira ekotoni akaoma kushambidza. Mumwe muenzaniso ndezvekuti zvipfupi-fiber machira akagadzirwa zvakanyanya kuunganidza mafuta ekuunganidza mafuta emicheka, uye mafuta emachira emicheka zvakare akaomesesa kubvisa pane mafuta marara emicheka.
Yakamonyaniswa neyarns uye machira akasimba, nekuda kweiyo diki diki pakati pemarara, asi zvakafanana zvinogona zvakare kusvetuka tete, asi mafuru akasungwa anotanga kuramba zvakanaka, asi kamwechete kugeza kwakasvibiswa kwakatonyanya kuoma.
⑤ Kuomerwa kwemvura
Kusungwa kweCA2 +, MG2 + uye zvimwe zvinosemesa mumvura zvine simba rakakura pakugeza, uye mg2 + Mumvura yakaoma, kunyangwe kushungurudzika kwemaswenzi kwakakwirira, fungidziro ichiri kutonyanya kupfuura mukureba. Kune Surfactant yekuve neyakanakisa yekushambidza, iyo concentration yeCA2 + IS mumvura inofanira kuderedzwa kusvika 1 x 10-6 mol / l (cacco3 kusvika 0,1 mg / l) kana zvishoma. Izvi zvinoda kuwedzera kwevakashata vakasiyana-siyana kune destgent.
Post Nguva: Kukadzi-25-2022